User:Binkboy/spermoutline

Process
Genetic modification occurs through the insertion of genes into living cells in order to precipitate a change in which proteins are created. Generally, a viral vector is used to carry the gene of interest and deliver it to the chromosomes in the cell nucleus. After this, as the cells multiply, the genetic modification is reflected in each and every cell.

Applications
Genetically modified sperm is not frequently used in humans, but has been tested and studied in myriad animals. This type of modification is known as an Inheritable Genetic Modification, meaning the genetic changes are made in sperm, eggs, or early embryos. Inheritable Genetic Modification is far more consequential than somatic cell modifications, because the changes are carried on throughout future generations.

Regulations
Main Article: Regulation of Genetic Engineering

Genetic modification of sperm cells, as a type of germline gene transfer, is subject to federal regulation in the United States under the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee of the National Institutes of Health, as well as the Food and Drug Administration. Regulation in the United States currently prohibits the application or research use of such technologies in humans, but does allow for research and commercial use, prior to approval, in animals.

Controversy
Genetic modification in humans is a contested issue due to the variety of social and ethical issues it raises. One such controversy is the ability to modify the genes of future offspring to decrease the likelihood for certain diseases or modify the expression of chosen traits. Some also cite the promotion of eugenics through certain applications of genetic modification, justifying the moratorium on research and funding in human trials in many countries.