User:Biokittea/Phoenicoparrus

I am working with Laura Deroba and we chose this Phoenicoparrus as our topic.

I started looking at bibliography sources and I found one about trace metals and metalloids in the two species that comprise the genus Phoenicoparrus. I plan to look at this source to try and find common habitat and diet generics. I also want to see if this article can guide me in how they interact with the human population.

The source is: Rocha, O., Pacheco, L. F., Ayala, G. R., Varela, F., & Arengo, F. (2021). Trace metals and metalloids in Andean flamingos (Phoenicoparrus andinus) and Puna flamingos (P. jamesi) at two wetlands with different risk of exposure in the Bolivian Altiplano. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(8), 535.


 * Phoenicoparrus chicks are fed filtered secretions for the first 4-7 weeks from their parents. The parents are able to filter sediments from the saline concentrated lakes in the wetlands they tend to habit. Chicks tend to have a higher amount of arsenic and iron in their bodies, too much of these concentrations can be dangerous. Adults, particularly females, have lower amounts of iron in their body because they shells they produce for the chicks have high iron concentration (Rocha et al., 2021).

I am also interested to see if I can add some base information on both species that make up our topic. Learning about their diets will give me insight to what kind of resources are available to them and how they are able to use those resources to nurture their offspring.

The source: Pablo Sabat, F. Fernando Novoa, Mario Parada, Digestive Constraints and Nutrient Hydrolysis in Nestlings of Two Flamingo Species, The Condor, Volume 103, Issue 2, 1 May 2001, Pages 396–399, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.2.396.


 * Important information from article: Both species feed their chicks through crop halocrine secretions that contain a larger amount of lipids than proteins, and it contains some amount of carbohydrates. While both species do not get sucrose in their diets from their parents when they are younger, a lack of sucrose in the body can sometimes be fatal. These species can be found in habitats in southern South America, such as northern Chile. (Sabat et al., 2001)

I found a third source that is based upon the flamingo timeline. It has been difficult to find sources about the specific genus Phoenicoparrus. This article should shed light on how the flamingo evolved and the differences between the two flamingo species in the genus Phoenicoparrus.

The source: Torres, C.R., Ogawa, L.M., Gillingham, M.A. et al. A multi-locus inference of the evolutionary diversification of extant flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). BMC Evol Biol 14, 36 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-36.

Derlindati, E. J. (2008). Conservation of high Andes flamingo species (Phoenicoparrus andinus and P. jamesi): habitat use and activity patterns in two contrasting wetland systems of Argentina. ''Final report. Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation, United Kingdom''.
 * Important information from article: While it is hard to track where the Phoenicoparrus originally came from, there is evidence that it originated in the New World where it split from the other lesser group and into its own genus. The base of the genus is hypothesized to have started with the Andean species. The Phoenicoparrus split from the group around 2.56 million years ago and its two comprising species later split from 0.5-2.5 million years ago. The Phoenicoparrus is identified from the rest of its evolutionary group because it is a part of the deep-keeled group, however it is its own genus because both Andean and Jamesia's lack a hind toe. They are said to eat diatoms and vegetation such as algea because of the deep-keel of their beaks suited for filtration. (Torres et al., 2014).


 * I will not be using this source because my partner is using it

Rose, P. E., Linscott, J., & Croft, D. P. (2015). Social behaviour and activity of captive Andean and James’ flamingos at Zoo Berlin. In 10th International Conference on Behaviour, Physiology and Genetics of Wildlife Berlin-Marienfelde, Germany.


 * this will be my third source, this will tell me about their behavior.

While Andean and Jame's flamingos comprise the genus Phoenicoparus, both species tend to build nests away from the other respective species. Both species spend the largest amount of their time preening and resting.

Evolution

While it is hard to track where the Phoenicoparrus originally came from, there is evidence that it originated in the New World where it split from the other lesser group and into its own genus. The base of the genus is hypothesized to have started with the Andean species. The Phoenicoparrus split from the group around 2.56 million years ago and its two comprising species later split from 0.5-2.5 million years ago. The Phoenicoparrus is identified from the rest of its evolutionary group because it is a part of the deep-keeled group, however it is its own genus because both Andean and Jamesia's lack a hind toe (Torres et al., 2014).

Diet and Habitat

Phoenicoparrus chicks are fed filtered secretions for the first 4-7 weeks from their parents. The parents are able to filter sediments from the saline concentrated lakes in the wetlands they tend to habit. Chicks tend to have a higher amount of arsenic and iron in their bodies, too much of these concentrations can be dangerous. Adults, particularly females, have lower amounts of iron in their body because they shells they produce for the chicks have high iron concentration (Rocha et al., 2021). Phoenicoparrus are said to eat diatoms and vegetation such as algea because of the deep-keel of their beaks suited for filtration. (Torres et al., 2014). Both species feed their chicks through crop halocrine secretions that contain a larger amount of lipids than proteins, and it contains some amount of carbohydrates. While both species do not get sucrose in their diets from their parents when they are younger, a lack of sucrose in the body can sometimes be fatal. These species can be found in habitats in southern South America, such as northern Chile. (Sabat et al., 2001). While Andean and Jame's flamingos comprise the genus Phoenicoparus, both species tend to build nests away from the other respective species. Both species spend the largest amount of their time preening and resting (Rose 2015).