User:Biostudent2/sandbox

'''General Notes: Many of then in-line citations in this sandbox are not the number citation that they would be in their respective articles. The reference sections for each page in this sandbox include the correct number of the citation should this citation be added to the page. All emboldened text is the text that I have added to each of the respective pages. Ignore the content section as this sandbox contains content from many different wikipedia pages. The following material includes sections from existing wikipedia articles and no copyright/plagiarism is intended as the following material and edits will be moved into the existing articles in the appropriate sections'''

Breakwater Page:

Unintended consequences[edit]
Breakwaters are subject to damage and overtopping in severe storms.

Sediment effects
The dissipation of energy and relative calm water created in the lee of the breakwaters often encourage accretion of sediment (as per the design of the breakwater scheme). However, this can lead to excessive salient build up, resulting in tombolo formation, which reduces longshore drift shoreward of the breakwaters. This trapping of sediment can cause adverse effects down-drift of the breakwaters, leading to beach sediment starvation and increased coastal erosion. This may then lead to further engineering protection being needed down-drift of the breakwater development. Sediment accumulation in the areas surrounding breakwaters can cause flat areas with reduced depths, which changes the topographic landscape of the seabed

Salient formations as a result of breakwaters are a function of the distance the breakwaters are built from the coast, the direction at which the wave hits the breakwater, and the angle at which the breakwater is built (relative to the coast). Of these three, the angle at which the breakwater is built is most important in the engineered formation of salients. The angle at which the breakwater is built determines the new direction of the waves (after they've hit the breakwaters), and in turn the direction that sediment will flow and accumulate over time.

Environmental effects
The reduced heterogeneity in sea floor landscape introduced by breakwaters can lead to reduced species abundance and diversity in the surrounding ecosystems. As a result of the reduced heterogeneity and decreased depths that breakwaters produce due to sediment build up, the UV exposure and temperature in surrounding waters increase, which may disrupt existing species communities.

References[edit]

 * 1) ^
 * 2) ^
 * 3) Masucci, Giovanni Diego; Acierno, Alessandro; Reimer, James Davis (2020). "Eroding diversity away: Impacts of a tetrapod breakwater on a subtropical coral reef". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 30 (2): 290–302. doi:10.1002/aqc.3249. ISSN 1052-7613.
 * 4) Aguilera, Moisés A.; Arias, René M.; Manzur, Tatiana (2019). "Mapping microhabitat thermal patterns in artificial breakwaters: Alteration of intertidal biodiversity by higher rock temperature". Ecology and Evolution. 9 (22): 12915–12927. doi:10.1002/ece3.5776. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 6875675. PMID 31788225.


 * USACE (1984) - Shore protection manual (Volume I and II)
 * N.W.H. Allsop (2002) - Breakwaters, coastal structures and coastlines.

Rip-Rap Page:

Planning Note: Create in-line citations out of the references listed on the current Rip-rap page as there are not in-line citations, yet there are references in the references sections.

Riprap, also known as rip rap, rip-rap, shot rock, rock armor, or rubble, is human-placed rock or other material used to armor shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, pilings and other shoreline structures against scour and water, wave, or ice erosion. Common rock types used include granite and modular concrete blocks. Rubble from building and paving demolition is sometimes used.

Riprap is also used underwater to cap immersed tubes sunken on the seabed to be joined into an undersea tunnel.

Add section:

Sediment effects
'''Rip-raps cause morphological changes in the river-beds they surround. One such change is the reduction of sediment settlement in the river channel, which can lead to scouring of the river bed as well as coarser sediment particles. Rip-raps have also been shown to cause erosion of sites downstream of the Rip-rap.'''

Organic material effects
'''The addition of Rip-raps often leads to reduced plant cover, woody material and other organic material, which can result in environmental changes such as reduced shading. Introducing Rip-raps however does produce a more rocky environment, which increases heterogeneity, creating additional niches for some organism. The reduction in shading along with the introduction of new niches that result from implementation of Rip-raps improves survivability of certain species that have an affinity for these conditions. Yet these conditions present adverse circumstances and decreased habitability for species not accustom to this environment.'''

References[edit]

 * 1) Trmal, Céline; Dupray, Sébastien; Heineke, Daan; McConnell, Kirsty (2009). "USING ROCK IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING – NEW GUIDANCE AN UPDATED VERSION OF THE MANUAL ON THE USE OF ROCK IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING". Coastal Structures 2007. World Scientific Publishing Company. doi:10.1142/9789814282024_0020. ISBN  978-981-4280-99-0.

2. Breakwaters, coastal structures and coastlines : proceedings of the international conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in London, UK on 26-28 September 2001. Allsop, N. W. H., Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). London: T. Telford. 2002. ISBN 0-7277-3042-8. OCLC 51483089.

3. Aguilera, Moisés A.; Arias, René M.; Manzur, Tatiana (2019). "Mapping microhabitat thermal patterns in artificial breakwaters: Alteration of intertidal biodiversity by higher rock temperature". Ecology and Evolution. 9 (22): 12915–12927. doi:10.1002/ece3.5776. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 6875675. PMID 31788225.

4. "Erosion Control Blankets vs. Rip Rap | East Coast Erosion". East Coast Erosion Control. 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-11-17.

5. "Welcome to ROSA P |". rosap.ntl.bts.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-17.

6. Reid, David; Church, Michael (2015). "Geomorphic and Ecological Consequences of Riprap Placement in River Systems". JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 51 (4): 1043–1059. doi:10.1111/jawr.12279.

7. Chhor, Auston D.; Glassman, Daniel M.; Smol, John P.; Vermaire, Jesse C.; Cooke, Steven J. (2020). "Ecological consequences of shoreline armoring on littoral fish and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in an Eastern Ontario lake". Aquatic Sciences. 82 (4): 73. doi:10.1007/s00027-020-00740-0. ISSN 1015-1621.

Seawall Page:

Planning Note: Adjust certain aspects of the tone for this paper as it may not follow wikipedia's guideline for tone.

The shoreline is part of the coastal interface which is exposed to a wide range of erosional processes arising from flowing water sources, wind and terrestrial sources, meaning that a combination of denudational processes will work against a seawall.

The many types of sea wall in use today reflect both the varying physical forces they are designed to withstand, and location specific aspects, such as local climate, coastal position, wave regime (determined by wave characteristics and effectors), and value (morphological characteristics) of landform.

Sea walls may be constructed from various materials, most commonly reinforced concrete, boulders, steel, or gabions. Other possible construction materials are: vinyl, wood, aluminium, fibreglass composite, and large biodegrable sandbags made of jute and coir. In the UK, sea wall also refers to an earthen bank used to create a polder, or a dike construction.

Types[edit]
A seawall works by reflecting incident wave energy back into the sea, thus reducing the energy available to cause erosion. Sea walls have two specific weaknesses. First, wave reflection from the wall may result in hydrodynamic scour and subsequent lowering of the sand level of the fronting beach. Second, sea walls may accelerate erosion of adjacent, unprotected coastal areas because they affect the littoral drift process.

Ecosystem Impacts
'''The addition of seawalls near marine ecosystems can lead to increased shadowing effects in the waters surrounding the seawall. Shadowing reduces the light and visibility within the water, which may disrupt the distribution as well as foraging capabilities of certain species. The sediment surrounding seawalls tends to have less favorable physical properties (Higher calcification levels, less structural organization of crystalline structure, low silicone content and less macroscale roughness) when compared to natural shorelines, which can present issues for species that reside on the seafloor.'''

References[edit]
39. Sawyer, Alexandra C.; Toft, Jason D.; Cordell, Jeffery R. (2020). "Seawall as salmon habitat: Eco-engineering improves the distribution and foraging of juvenile Pacific salmon". Ecological Engineering. 151: 105856. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105856.

40. Sedano, F.; Navarro-Barranco, C.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Espinosa, F. (2020). "Understanding the effects of coastal defence structures on marine biota: The role of substrate composition and roughness in structuring sessile, macro- and meiofaunal communities". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 157: 111334. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111334.

Artificial Island Page:

Environmental impact[edit]
A large amount of sand is required to build these islands. Dredging can cause sand to stir up and deposit on reefs, disrupting marine life. The increased amount sand and fine particles of sediments creates more turbid conditions, which blocks the necessary UV rays from reaching coral reefs and creates coral turbidity (More organic material is taken in by coral) and increased bacterial activity (More harmful bacteria are introduced into coral).

The implementation of artificial islands can decrease the subaqueous area in surrounding waters, leading to habitat degradation for many species

References[edit]
20. Masucci, Giovanni Diego; Acierno, Alessandro; Reimer, James Davis (2020). "Eroding diversity away: Impacts of a tetrapod breakwater on a subtropical coral reef". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 30 (2): 290–302. doi:10.1002/aqc.3249. ISSN 1052-7613.

21. Li, Dong; Tang, Cheng; Hou, Xiyong; Zhang, Hua (2019-01-03). "Rapid Morphological Changes Caused by Intensive Coastal Development in Longkou Bay, China". Journal of Coastal Research. 35 (3): 615. doi:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-18-00095.1. ISSN 0749-0208.