User:Bjh38d/sandbox

Brief summary of intended changes:
The biggest thing that the group needs to add to this article is more information about the structure Murray lays out: categories, determinants, domains, individual need meanings, primary vs secondary, etc. Some background on how these things were determined might be helpful; what was Murray's research process/rational? The criticism section is also fairly sparse and need to be elaborated on; we might also provide information about how Murray's theory is used today. Overall, the article needs more sources and information in a variety of areas.

Explanation
For Murray, human nature involves a set of universal basic needs. Individual differences of these needs lead to the uniqueness of a person's personality due to varying amounts of each need. In other words, specific needs are more important to some than to others. According to Murray, human psychogenic needs function on an unconscious level, but they can play a major role in our personality (Cherry, 2015). He believed that the study of personality should look at the entire person over the course of their lifespan and that personality can be determined in four major ways: constitutional determinants, group membership determinants, life role determinants, and situational determinants (Flett, 2008).

He defines a need as a "potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances" (1938). 'Murray divides needs into two categories- primary (viscerogenic) needs and secondary (psychogenic) needs''. Primary needs involve physical or biological patterns of satisfaction and are comprised of 13 basic needs that drive an individual towards or away from a certain object or outcome. Secondary needs, as described by Murray, ''emerge from or are influenced by the primary needs in some way. A total of 17 secondary needs have been identified' Graxevs (talk) 19:55, 14 March 2018 (UTC) —each belonging to one of five particular need categories. The five secondary categories that Murray identified are Ambition, Materialism, Power, Affection, and Information. Needs in each category have similar themes behind them; for instance, the Ambition category contains all those needs which relate to achievement and recognition. While each need is important in and of itself, he also believed that needs can support other needs, conflict with one another, and can be interrelated. He coined the term subsidation of needs when two or more needs are combined in order to satisfy a more powerful need and fusion of needs when a single action satisfies more than one need (Flett, 2008). For example, the need for dominance may conflict the need with affiliation when overly controlling behavior drives away family, romantic partners, and friends. Environmental factors play a role in how these psychogenic needs are displayed in behavior.

Murray gives such environmental factors their own name; presses. Presses are

Primary/Viscerogenic Needs
The primary needs are defined by Murray as needs involving some biological process and arise in response to certain stimulus or events that drive the body towards a certain outcome. For example, a lack of hydration would trigger a "need for water", which in turn drives a person to seek out and intake water. The first six primary needs; Air, Water, Food, Sentience, Sex, and Lactation, are considered positive needs as they drive a person towards a certain object our action. The remaining seven; Expiration, Urination, Defecation, and the -avoidance needs are considered negative needs that drive a person away from an object (or in some cases towards the expulsion of an object).

Graxevs (talk) 19:55, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

== List of Murray's Needs ==

Primary Needs / Viscerogenic Needs
Involve need for physical satisfaction

Positive/Adient

Push/Force/Drive you towards an object Negative/Abient
 * Air
 * Water
 * Food
 * Sentience
 * Secretion
 * Sex
 * Lactation

Push/Force/Drive you away from an object
 * Excretion
 * Expiration
 * Urination
 * Defecation
 * Nox-avoidance
 * Heat-avoidance
 * Cold-avoidance
 * Harm-avoidance

Secondary Needs / Psychogenic Needs
Derived from the primary needs. Secondary needs are not considered fundamental or biological in nature, though some could be considered innate

Inanimate Object Needs Ambition/Will-to-Power/Accomplishment Needs Defending Status / Avoiding Humiliation Needs Human Power Needs Sado-Masochistic Needs Social-Conformance Needs Affection Needs Complementary Needs Graxevs (talk) 01:42, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Acquisition (gain possession over objects)
 * Conservance (maintain the condition of objects)
 * Order (arrange objects in a tidy manor)
 * Retention (keep possession over objects)
 * Construction (organize and build object)
 * Superiority (Seeking validation for power) (Broken into achievement and recognition)
 * Achievement (striving to overcome obstacles and exercize power)
 * Recognition (Seeking praise and commendation)
 * Exhibition (Attracting the attention of others) (Often combined with Recognition)
 * Inviolacy (prevent harm to self-respect or "good-name"
 * Infavoidance (avoiding failure and humiliation)
 * Defendance (defense against blame or belittlement)
 * Counteraction (overcome failure or defeat by retaliation, defend one's honor through achievement)
 * Seclusion (isolation from others)(opposite of Exhibition)
 * Dominance (influence or have control over others)
 * Deference (admire and follow a superior ally)
 * Similance (empathize, imitate or emulate others)
 * Autonomy (resist the influence and strive for independence)
 * Contrarience (act unique, differently from the norm)
 * Aggression (assault, injure, or murder someone)
 * Abasement (surrender to, comply and accept punishment)
 * Blamavoidance (inhibit asocial behavior to avoid blame or ostracism)
 * Affiliation (form friendships and associations with others)
 * Rejection (ignore or exclude an other)
 * Nurturance (nourish, aid, or protect an other)
 * Succorance (seek aid, protection or sympathy)
 * Play (relax and amuse oneself) (added with hesitation)
 * Cognizance (cognition, ask questions and acquire new knowledge)
 * Exposition (point and demonstrate, relate facts)

Background/Development section
Murray says that you should to study the whole person ('personology'). Murray earned his bachelor’s degree in history in 1915, a medical degree in 1919, and then a doctorate in biochemistry in 1928. His theories were heavily inspired by Jung, who he greatly admired. After reading his work Murray set up an in person meeting with Jung, who convinced him to study psychoanalysis at Harvard University, where he would later teach psychology and psychoanalytic theory. Murray’s medical background, analytical training informed his scholarly perspective.

From his biography wiki page: "He experienced a serious conflict as he did not want to leave his wife, Josephine. This was a turning point in Murray's life as it raised his awareness of conflicting needs, the pressure that can result, and the links to motivation." This conflict also led to his fascination with Jung. Cmbrm5 (talk) 23:25, 15 March 2018 (UTC)

Criticism/alternate theories
For Murray’s system of needs, a criticism of the this hierarchy is not that it does not exclude any of the needs, but lacks the objective criterion for these needs. Three of Murray’s Psychogenic Needs have been the focus of considerable research: The Need for Power (nPow), Affiliation (nAff) and Achievement (nAch). Seems to contradict trait theory in many ways. potential sources/comparison points: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Ryan2/publication/232502441_Self-Determination_Theory_and_the_Role_of_Basic_Psychological_Needs_in_Personality_and_the_Organization_of_Behavior/links/572cb30908ae3736095a3283.pdf

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327752jpa3906_8

http://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1989-01431-001

reliability of TAT; don't know if relevant: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223891.1990.9674114 Cmbrm5 (talk) 23:29, 15 March 2018 (UTC)

Further potential criticisms: Moderate generation of research Low in generating falsifiable hypotheses Low ability to organize knowledge Moderate in guiding action Low in internal consistency Low in parsimony

TAT specific issues: The TAT requires subjective interpretation by the administrator, and has been criticized for it's low reliability. (Reliability, inter-rater issues, subjectivity) Cmbrm5 (talk) 20:20, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

== Related applications/future research/see also

There has been a great deal of future research into the Achievement, Power, and Affiliation needs (8 million sources).

Additionally, Murray's concept of the 'press' and his emphasis on the importance of environmental events (and their subjective interpretation) would be highly significant to later psychological research. Behavioral psychology (pioneered by Watson and Skinner) focused on environmental events, while cognitive psychology included a focus on subjective interpretation of events, another one of Murray's ideas (Alpha vs Beta presses). (Piotrowski, N. A. (2010). Psychology & Mental Health. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press.)

Cmbrm5 (talk) 20:25, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

Semi-Final:
For Murray, human nature involves a set of universal basic needs. Individual differences of these needs lead to the uniqueness of a person's personality due to varying amounts of each need. In other words, specific needs are more important to some than to others. According to Murray, human psychogenic needs function on an unconscious level, but they can play a major role in our personality (Cherry, 2015). He believed that the study of personality should look at the entire person over the course of their lifespan and that personality can be determined in four major ways: constitutional determinants, group membership determinants, life role determinants, and situational determinants (Flett, 2008). Murray defines a need as a "potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances", and specified that they should come as stimulus from the past ("a push from the rear") rather than anticipation of the future ("a pull from the future"). (1938).

Murray defines needs in two ways- primary and secondary. Primary needs are any biological need, such as food, water, and oxygen and secondary needs as needs that are generally psychological- such as nurturing, achievement, and independence. Murray identified a total of 17 needs—each belonging to one of five particular need categories. Primary needs involve physical or biological patterns of satisfaction and are comprised of 13 basic needs that drive an individual towards or away from a certain object or outcome. Secondary needs, as described by Murray[1], emerge from or are influenced by the primary needs in some way. A total of 17 secondary needs have been identified Graxevs (talk) 19:55, 14 March 2018 (UTC) —each belonging to one of five particular need categories. The five secondary categories that Murray identified are Ambition, Materialism, Power, Affection, and Information. Needs in each category have similar themes behind them; for instance, the Ambition category contains all those needs which relate to achievement and recognition.

Needs may be categorized by two further dimensions; Manifest (Overt) or Latent (Covert), and Conscious or Unconscious. Manifest (sometimes called overt) needs are those that are allowed to be directly expressed, while latent (sometimes called covert) needs are the ones the individual does not outwardly act on (Human Needs:A Literature Review and Cognitive Life Span Mode:). Murray defines Conscious needs as those that a subject can self-report, while Unconscious needs are all others. This is distinct from manifest vs latent- a person may directly express a need they are unaware of (his book).

While each need is important in and of itself, Murray also believed that needs can support other needs, conflict with one another, and can be interrelated. He coined the term subsidation of needs to refer to situations where two or more needs are combined in order to satisfy a more powerful need, and the term fusion of needs when a single action satisfies more than one need (Flett, 2008). For example, the need for dominance may conflict the need with affiliation when overly controlling behavior drives away family, romantic partners, and friends.

Environmental factors play a role in how these psychogenic needs are displayed in behavior. Murray gives such environmental factors their own name; presses. Presses are forces which stem from situations or events in the environment (APA (American Psychological Assoc.) Piotrowski, N. A. (2010). Psychology & Mental Health. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press.). Any stimulus with the potential to effect the individual in a positive or negative way is referred to as 'pressive'- everything else is refereed to as inert. 'Pressive Perception' is how the subject interprets a press as either positive or negative stimulus, while 'Pressive Apperception' is how subjects anticipate that the stimulus will be perceived as either positive or negative-Murray notes that both processes are largely unconscious. Presses may be positive or negative, mobile (may effect the subject if they do nothing) or immobile (will only effect the subject if they take an action), and alpha (real) or beta (merely perceived) (his book).

A need may be an internal state (this is more often the case for the Viscerogenic needs), but more often they are evoked by a press (his book). The manifestation of a need may then lead to

Cmbrm5 (talk) 18:07, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Raw Material:
Additionally, Murray's concept of the 'press' and his emphasis on the importance of environmental events (and their subjective interpretation) would be highly significant to later psychological research. Behavioral psychology (pioneered by Watson and Skinner) focused on environmental events, while cognitive psychology included a focus on subjective interpretation of events, another one of Murray's ideas (Alpha vs Beta presses). (Piotrowski, N. A. (2010). Psychology & Mental Health. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press.)

Murray's needs may be sorted by three binary categories; Primary (Viscerogenic) or Secondary (Psychogenic), Manifest (Overt) or Latent (Covert) and Reactive or Proactive. Manifest (sometimes called overt) needs are those that are allowed to be directly expressed, while latent (sometimes called covert) needs are the ones the individual restrains/represses/inhibits. (Human Needs:A Literature Review and Cognitive Life Span Mode:) Cmbrm5 (talk) 20:28, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

Unlike Maslow's needs, Murray's needs are not based on a linear hierarchy; individuals may be high in one and low in the other, and multiple needs may be affected by a single action. He believed that these needs were unconscious, and that they could be measured by projective tests- specifically one he had developed known as the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

Presses: "forces provided by situations or events in the environment. These forces may help or hinder individuals in reaching their goals." (APA (American Psychological Assoc.) Piotrowski, N. A. (2010). Psychology & Mental Health. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press.) Cmbrm5 (talk) 23:28, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Source:
Explorations in Personality by Henry A. Murray

Human needs: a literature review and cognitive lifespan model by Paul Rosenfeld, Amy L Culbertson, Paul Magnusson

Theories of Personality by Duane P. Schultz, ‎Sydney Ellen Schultz Cmbrm5 (talk) 19:57, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

Costa, P. T., & Mccrae, R. R. (1988). Fom catalog to classification: Murrays needs and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(2), 258-265. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.55.2.258 http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.mst.edu/10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.258 I plan on working on the explanation section of the article. Specifically, I will be working on the end of the first paragraph of this section. I will be going into more depth about some of the concepts that I feel like are needed to be expanded upon.

Feedback and Suggestions
Part of your first paragraph get a little repetitive: "According to Murray," etc. Overall, I would say that the amount of information here/the way it is being presented is a little overwhelming/not exactly Wikipedia style. I like the table for the primary needs, so maybe try grouping the other needs out into this format. this is obviously a hierarchical system and the list format just doesn't do it justice. I think it would be really nice to present the primary needs and secondary needs tables side by side, if you could swing that format. I really like the way that you have subclasses and superclasses organized in your table, I would implement that in the existing table on the article page for both main superclasses of needs. Rhys Christian Anderson (talk) 03:28, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

I'm sure you recognize this already, but you should develop the criticisms section if you are going to include. Also, just stick with the "Criticisms" title so that it will sync nicely with the existing article content. Can you find good original articles criticizing Murray's work? It seem like the current criticism citations are not directly from the scientific critics themselves. Rhys Christian Anderson (talk) 03:28, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

While it's good that you guys did research regarding Murray's academics and personal background, I don't think that information belongs on this page. He already has his own Wikipedia page, which is just fine for presenting biographical information. Data redundancy is only good in certain situations and this is not one of them. Maybe screen this material for relevant information that you can incorporate smoothly, but consider removing it all together. Rhys Christian Anderson (talk) 03:28, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

Generally speaking, there is a lot of overlap between what your team has found and the existing material in the article. I'm sure you're already planning on this, but make sure to avoid repeating other people's work and instead go for a currying approach where you patch in your new information (maybe this stuff was posted by you, idk). ALSO, on the article, I see that the citation style is not up to Wikipedia standards. You would do your page a favor by correcting this. Citations should be numerical and hyperlinked, like in the introductory paragraph of the current article. Rhys Christian Anderson (talk) 03:41, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

I would be interested to see the Applications section developed further. The role of Murray's work in the development of TAT stands out to me as something important in clinical psychology and a lasting impact of his theories. Right now, the applications section is messy and not very robust. Citations need to be standardized, some grammar could be cleaned up, and more evidence/detail should be provided for the claims made in this section. Rhys Christian Anderson (talk) 03:41, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

That first paragraph was pretty bad. It was copied straight from the article which, as you've seen, isn't pretty. I fixed the end of the paragraph by combining a few sentences and it flows much nicer now. Once we can find the sources the original article is referencing we will definitely be bringing it up to Wikipedia standards. I agree that the list is a messy way to display this "hierarchy" of needs. It started as an attempt to get all of the raw information out of Murray's original text and was made as I found more. Our plan is exactly as you said: we are finding as much information as we can from a few good sources and fill the holes the current article has, specifically with its tables of Murray's needs. Graxevs (talk) 03:03, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

Murray's educational background probably more belongs on Henry Murray's Wikipedia page, but I can see a place for information on if/how Murray's needs were influenced by other psychologists. We will try to find more information on that to use and turn the background/development section into more of a development section only. Graxevs (talk) 03:03, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

So I like that you are trying to go deeper on how Murray Broke up all of the needs, but having them all up in a massive list like this might not be the best way to do it, If you can figure out how to make tables like the ones that are already on the page that would be helpful. Also there are already two tables that talk about the needs on the page already. They are for the most part redundant but have some minor discrepancies. If you are going to be focusing on giving information on all the needs it might be prudent to edit hose tables or make a single table with all the information so it is easier to read and understand.Oldkingdoran (talk) 19:33, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

For sources it's good that you have multiple sources that are devoted to just the list of needs, it is very hard to over cite things, but if at all possible it might be useful to look for more recent sources. One of your goals is to find applications of its use today, and newer research can have a different perspective on Murray's needs that might not have been explored in the early research. Oldkingdoran (talk) 19:33, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

Finally, when you start looking at other criticisms of Murray's needs it might be helpful to look for meta analysis or literature reviews rather than individual research articles. This would give you a large amount of smaller articles in one go that tackle the theory from a number of different directions and you can still look up the articles that you want to dive deeper into by finding them in that liturature reviews reference section. Oldkingdoran (talk) 19:33, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

Peer Review -Adrienne Pyeatt
Looks good! The brief summary of intended changes seems to be spot-on. Breaking up the needs into the smaller categories is great, since there is only a partial list on the original article. I also think that the original article is somewhat confusing, so make sure your edits are doing the best to make it clear, concise, and easily understandable at a glance.

There is also a small reference at the bottom of the article under “See also” that includes a link to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. I think that it would be a good idea to say something in the article about the differences between Murray’s system and others.

Make sure your sources are correctly cited with Wikipedia’s system and your language is formal and in alignment with other Wiki articles. The content in the explanation paragraph is great, but you may want to consider breaking it up so that it is easier to read and understand. There seems to be content there that requires more in-depth coverage if possible. Adriennepyeatt (talk) 00:13, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

Peer Review - Matthew Jordan
It's a little late, but what you have is very thorough with the summary, all the listings, citations, everything. More sources are always good, more citations, etc, but the big problem that you mention (lack of information on structure) is definitely something you've seemed to alleviate with all the content you're bringing to the table. The original article may need some restructuring in addition to the extra information (for clarity purposes), so you may want to mention that on the talk page if you're going to do it. I really like that you're adding a criticism section; those are always great to have to close in on the desired neutrality, in addition to simply pointing out certain flaws / complications with the theories.

While there's a lot of stuff you have that's already mentioned in the main article, it's not hard to trim that excess and find what's really needed to post on it.

I'm not sure about the future research section. While Wikipedia is a living document, ever-changing, it's also here to be as an encyclopedic reference. Mtj1295 (talk) 19:32, 23 March 2018 (UTC)