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Theory of culture
== The theory of culture studies the constituent elements of culture, cultural forms. These include moral culture and moral choice, moral priorities and cultural ideals. And also: aesthetic culture and aesthetic values ​​of culture; political and legal culture, goals and means in the history of culture; national, religious. == All these cultural components, forms are the subject of studying the morphology of culture.

The theory of culture is also engaged in scientific forecasting, its teachings contain valuable judgments about the future of intellectual culture, the prospects of human civilization.

The main problems of discipline: Culture and education, Culture as a scientific concept, Levels, types, types, functions of culture, Classification and typology of crops, Morphology of culture, Cultural concepts, schools and directions, Culture and civilization, Culture and history, Culture and morals, Culture and counterculture

The notions of "civilization" and "civilization" (from the Latin civis - a citizen) gradually began to be associated with ensuring the comfort of life, the achievements of industry, science and technology. At the turn of the XVIII and XIX centuries. The notion of "civilization" and "culture" began to be used in the plural. It was not just about culture, but about the cultures of different human societies. This was most clearly expressed by JG Herder. At the same time, the term "culture" was freely replaced by the term "civilization".

In the XIX century active empirical studies of various cultures by ethnographers, archaeologists, anthropologists began. Accumulated research material was subjected to theoretical generalizations. Anthropological understanding of culture began to develop, at first - as a historical and ethnographic one. One of the founders of cultural anthropology, EB Tylor, believed:

Culture or civilization ... is composed in its entirety of knowledge, beliefs, art, morality, laws, customs and some other abilities and habits that have been learned by man as a member of society.

"From an ideal point of view, culture can be seen as a general improvement of the human race through the higher organization of an individual and a whole society with the aim of simultaneously promoting the development of morality, strength and happiness of man".

This approach, developed by other anthropologists (for example, L. Morgan), revealed an understanding of culture that is characteristic of the XIX century.

First, the culture began to understand everything that embodies and expresses the spiritual condition and development of man and society. What exactly - was determined empirically-descriptively.

Secondly, they recognized that culture is inherent in all human communities at all stages of their development, but to varying degrees. At the same time, the word "civilization" was used almost as a synonym for the concept of "culture", because civilization seemed to be a higher stage of development of society. These or other peoples were considered backward or advanced, civilized, passed the way from savagery, through barbarism to civilization.

And, finally, thirdly, the culture was understood as something positive, contributing to the development of morality, strength and happiness of man. Romantic protest J. Rousseau argued that with the progress of culture is associated with the fall of morality and that the natural is disfigured artificial (cultural), seemed an exceptional and extravagant delusion.

In the twentieth century, however, the attitude towards progress in general, including progress towards civilization and culture, changed radically. In the age of world wars, unprecedented scope of economic, socio-political and spiritual violence of all kinds, the value of the achievements of civilization (and the culture identified with it) looked obviously dubious. O. Spengler was one of the first in his book "The Decline of Europe" to assert that civilization is not the highest stage of development of culture, but the stage of its decay, disappearance. The hostility to the man created by him, however, the artificial world seemed obvious to many thinkers. In connection with this, the assessment of the level of the spiritual state of not only Western civilization (although it especially), but also generally achieved by mankind, its spiritual values, has changed.


 * 1) http://lomonosov-fund.ru/enc/ru/encyclopedia:01298:article
 * 2) http://www.universalinternetlibrary.ru/book/29555/ogl.shtml
 * 3) http://www.pavluchenkov.ru/teoria_kulturi/page83/index.html