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Phase One and Two

Boston Massacre

Fact: Eventually, one soldier fired, prompting the others to fire without an order by Preston. The gunfire instantly killed three people and wounded eight others, two of whom later died of their wounds.

MLA CITATION: “BOSTON MASSACRE.” The Reader's Companion to American History, Houghton Mifflin, 1991.

ISBN: 0395513723

Quote: Three persons were killed immediately and two died later of their wounds; among the victims was Crispus Attucks, a man of black or Indian parentage.

Phase Three

Hadler, Jeffrey. “Remus Orthography: The History of the Representation of the African-American Voice.” Journal of Folklore Research, vol. 35, no. 2, Indiana University Folklore Institute, 1998, pp. 99–126.

This journal discusses the values that African Americans had within history. This discovery provided new evidence that explains the lack of diversity within paintings. With the lack of representation throughout history, many black individuals are not being constituted within the proper formations of society.

Trigg, Christopher. “The Racial Politics of Resurrection in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World.” Early American Literature, vol. 55, no. 1, The University of North Carolina Press, 2020, pp. 47–84, doi:10.1353/eal.2020.0004.

This scholarly article explains the varying views on whether the color of African-Americans' skin should protect or harm them when being viewed within religion. As the social gap widens, whites are trying to convert African Americans to their beliefs because they could be viewed as better people. This realization provides new evidence that many believe that the color of one's skin links to how one should be treated within society.

Phase Four

Fact 1 Paragraph: "The romanticization of the "native" was at the comparative expense of the African slave. In 1782 Jefferson wrote, "[The Indians] astonish you with strokes of the most sublime oratory; such as prove their reason and sentiment strong, their imagination glowing and elevated. But never yet could I find that a black had uttered a thought above the level of plane narration; never see an elementary trait of painting or sculpture" (Shuffelton 1993:269)."

Fact 1 Summary: African American's were rarely used in visual paintings because they were not seen as heroic, diminishing their character within society and school curriculums.

Fact 2 Paragraph: "As skin tone gradually became an increasingly important marker of racial difference, some scientists and theologians came to the same conclusion as Joseph Sewall: blackness was an impediment and disfiguration that could not be permitted to enter heaven. Other thinkers adopted positions comparable to John Bolt's, emphasizing the brightness or transparency of all resurrected bodies as a means of downplaying the significance of ethnic distinction in the next life. Later in the century, during the age of revolutions, African American spiritual leaders would develop this position to further their own ends. Since skin color had no bearing on salvation, they insisted, blackness should not be viewed as a marker of inferiority."

Fact 2 Summary: Some religious leaders believed that skin color was correlated to the opportunities within heaven, leading many to believe African Americans were not capable of salvation and were inferior to their peers.

Article Section

Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and a somewhat darker face, matching descriptions of Attucks; others show no black victim. African American's were rarely used in visual paintings because they were not seen as heroic, diminishing their character within society and school curriculums. Farah Peterson, of The American Scholar, states that Adams' speeches during the trial show that his strategy "was to convince the jury that his clients had only killed a black man and his cronies, and that they didn’t deserve to hang for it." Some religious leaders believed that skin color was correlated to the opportunities within heaven, leading many to believe African Americans were not capable of salvation and were inferior to their peers.