User:Bobanni/sandbox2

--

=smore=

Death of Stalin, the Gulag end?
Khrushchev succeeds Stalin 1953-1964. He began theStalinization , especially condemning the dictatorial and repressive Stalinist rule. The most serious attack took place during a night session of the XX ((e)) Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (24 to 25 February 1956 ), he read a devastating report on the crimes of Stalin and the differences compared to the socialist legality. Strikes and rebellions in the Gulag camps are also pushing for reform.

The major facilities are suspended Pharaonic and discipline in the camps is relaxed. The working time is reduced and eliminated special camps. Several complex work are dismantled. More importantly, mass amnesties are pronounced: thus, the ((date | 27 | March | 1953)), 1.2 million inmates are released. It rehabilitates hundreds of thousands of people. But those who leave the camps are struggling to rebuild their lives through lack of money and suffer the suspicions of other citizens.

In 1958, the Gulag was renamed "colony of corrective labor," and this time placed under the Ministry of Justice of the USSR. The central management of the camps is dissolved. Although the proportion of political prisoners has greatly diminished, it is not zero. So Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) had regularly used camp system to silence opponents. Dissidents (activists of human rights, religious) asJoseph Brodsky, Andrei Sinyavsky, Alexander Ginzburg or Yuli Daniel are sentenced to hard labor. But the Stalinist style Gulag is no more: dissidents were condemned in public trials, know why they are incarcerated, and can assert rights (eg private interview without limit of time with a lawyer, family visits,and even out of the settlements in some cases). Their fate is more interested in the West thanks to the testimony of former prisoners (Solzhenitsyn, Shalamov) and samizdat s. The work is generally less painful than in the years 1930-1950: the prisoners work in workshops or factories, and receive remuneration. However, the strikes are still prisoners in the 1960s and 70. Finally, hundreds of dissidents are imprisoned in Psychiatric Hospital ( psikhushka ) under the MVD the writer Jaures Medvedev or the general Pyotr Grigorenko are confined to "schizophrenia creeping" Read about it (or "sluggish" ). The special psychiatric hospitals as that of Orel are kept as camps and protected by barbed wire. It seeks the withdrawal of prisoners with drugs and electroshock.

During the first half of 1980, the USSR saw one of the most repressive periods in the post-Stalinist dissent is small, controlled and silenced.

It was not until the arrival in power of Mikhail Gorbachev and glasnost for all camps for political prisoners are removed.Thousands of dissidents were released from psychiatric hospitals.The censorship of dissenting messages rose and multiply pardons. Andrei Sakharov, has previously been kept under house arrest in Gorky, released in December 1986. The Bill of Rights and Freedoms of the individual was adopted in 1991.Today, many Russian prisons are still providing substandard living conditions, but forced labor is officially abolished. Public debates are rare in the Gulag, and memorials are still few in number that of the square Dzerzhinsky in Moscow consists of a stone fromSolovki, the birthplace of Soviet concentration camps. There is a national museum dedicated to Gulag camps. The only Russian Museum for the History of Political Repression Perm-36 consists of reconstructed buildings of the camp (labor camp) for political prisoners, who suffered and died here in these horrible conditions during the Soviet times.

The Gulag was a model used in other countries. In Vietnam, after 1975 and for many years, camps existed for so-called "re-education through labor".

d
Denial of the Holodomor is the claim that the Holodomor, the famine of 1932-1933 inUkraine did not occur. The Ukrainian term "Holodomor" (loosely translated Murder by Starvation) originated in the late 1980's as an expression of the horrific toll the famine had taken on the Ukrainian people. In the 1930s and 1940s this assertion of Holodomor Denial was made by the official Soviet media and supported by some Western journalists and intellectuals Denial of the famine by Soviet authorities, starting with then Soviet President Mikhail Kalinin and Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, was immediate and continued into the 1980s. The Soviet point of view was echoed at the time of the famine by some prominent Western journalists, including Walter Duranty and Louis Fischer. The denial of the famine was a highly successful and well orchestrated disinformation campaign by the Soviet government. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin "had achieved the impossible: he had silence all the talk of hunger... Millions were dying, but the nation hymned the praises of collectivization", said historian and writer Edvard Radzinsky. According to British historian Robert Conquest, that was the first major instance of Soviet authorities adopting Big Lie propaganda technique to sway world opinion, to be followed by similar campaigns over the Moscow Trials and denial of the Gulag labor camp system.

In November 2006, the Ukrainian Parliament passed a bill branding the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. In November 2007, the government of Ukraine tabled a law which would criminalize public statements of both Holodomor and Holocaust denial.

Today, Holodomor denial is not supported by any serious academic scholars but is still kept alive by fringe writers and organizations, often ones that have found outlet via the Internet.

Russian View
see (Andrei Marchukov) "Peasantry as a social class was the victim of the cruel policy. This point clearly follows from the geography of the Great Famine. It spread throughout the Soviet breadbasket areas-Ukraine, the middle and lower reaches of the Volga, the North Caucasus, the central part of the Black Earth Zone, the Urals, part of Siberia, and Kazakhstan - with a total population of 50 million. The Famine killed 6-7 million people nationwide. All Soviet peoples were victims."

well-to-do farmers, so-called "kulaks"

Peres

 * Shimon Peres, President of Israel, has been quoted as having said: "We reject attempts to create a similarity between the Holocaust and the Armenian allegations. Nothing similar to the Holocaust occurred. It is a tragedy what the Armenians went through but not a genocide." In response to criticism of the comments, the Israeli Foreign Ministry later clarified, "The minister absolutely did not say, as the Turkish news agency alleged, 'What the Armenians underwent was a tragedy, not a genocide.'"

ecological and bad policies
see http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=3838

Number of victims
The total number of victims is unknown. Historians have real difficulties to clarify the issue because of following factors:


 * Restrictions on access to certain files of the USSR.
 * The deaths directly attributable to epidemics of typhus.
 * The policy of secrecy imposed by the regime, to prohibit officials from the Soviets rural mention hunger as a cause of death.
 * The disorganization of records as a result of death or the escape of officials belonging to the regions.
 * The fact that many victims were buried in mass graves.
 * Migration and deportations of peasants to other Soviet republics.
 * The adoption of Russian citizenship by many Ukrainian peasants.

Despite earlier estimates ranging from 1.5 to 10 million Ukrainian victims, the latest estimates of historians, based on sources of the Soviet archives, indicate a number between 3 to 3.5 million deaths.

The Holodomor and the international community
The international community has, gradually, come to take positions favorable to the recognition of the Holodomor as genocide, or more generally, as a crime against humanity.

In the framework of international organizations, such as the resolutions adopted by
 * Baltic Assembly
 * General Assembly of the United Nations
 * Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
 * OSCE
 * UNESCO

Highlighted below are recognitions of Holodomor-Genocide as expressed by parliaments, Heads of Government and  Heads of State of the following countries:
 * [[Image: Flag of Argentina.svg | 20px]] Argentina


 * [[Image: Flag of Australia.svg | 20px]] Australia


 * [[Image: Flag of Brazil.svg | 20px]] Brazil


 * [[Image: Flag of Canada.svg | 20px]] Canada


 * [[Image: Flag of Chile.svg | 20px| Chile]] Chile


 * [[Image: Flag of Colombia.svg | 20px]] Colombia
 * [[Image: Flag of Ecuador.svg | 20px]] Ecuador

zzzzzzzzzzz

 * [[Image: Flag of Slovakia.svg | 20px]] Slovakia


 * [[Image: Flag of Spain.svg | 20px]] Spain


 * [[Image: Flag of the United States.svg | 20px]] USA

zz

 * [[Image: Flag of Estonia.svg | 20px |Estonia]] Estonia


 * [[Image: Flag of Georgia.svg | 20px |Georgia]] Georgia


 * [[Image: Flag of Hungary.svg | 20px |Hungary]] Hungary


 * [[Image: Flag of Italy.svg | 20px| Italy]] Italy


 * [[Image: Flag of Latvia.svg | 20px]] Latvia


 * [[Image: Flag of Lithuania.svg | 20px]] Lithuania


 * [[Image: Flag_of_Mexico.svg | 20px]] Mexico


 * [[Image: Flag of Paraguay.svg | 20px| Paraguay]] Paraguay
 * [[Image:Flag of Peru.svg| 20px |Peru]] Peru


 * [[Image: Flag of Poland.svg | 20px | Poland]] Poland


 * [[Image: Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | 20px]] Czech Republic


 * [[Image: Flag of Ukraine.svg | 20px |Ukraine]] Ukraine


 * [[Image: Flag of the Vatican City - 2001 version.svg | 20px| Vatican]] Vatican