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Global Volcanism Program Proposed titles of sections The article selected for the Wikipedia page will give key details about the Global Volcanism Program and its operating organization Smithsonian Institution. With that the detail will shed light on the purpose behind global volcanism program, general principles of volcano seismology, timeline of volcanism on earth, prediction of volcanic activities, and key terms used in reporting of the global volcanism program. A brief is presented below about prospective sub-section of the corresponding Wikipedia page, and what it will contain, with annotated biology of a list of references. The sub-section of the corresponding Wikipedia page are as follows: Purpose Behind Global Volcanism Program This section will provide the brief about the purpose behind global volcanism program, with details of the managing institution, its obligation, and key agencies or systems involved in the program. It will also highlight the key achievement achieved till date, and frequency of reporting or prediction of the volcanic events. General principles of volcano seismology This section will contain the details of the natural seismologic events causing the volcanic eruptions and specify about the classifications of that. Key focus will be one Seismic activity, short-term earthquake or tremor, long-term earthquake or tremor, and harmonic tremors. Timeline of volcanism on Earth This section will highlight the key volcanic eruption events on the earth with a timeline. This will be majorly in form of a list of major volcanic eruptions. Where criteria of listing will be the eruptions with approximate magnitude of at least 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) Prediction of Volcanic Activities This section will discuss about the key methods and approaches applied in the prediction of the volcanic eruption activities. It will contain details of the key methods, processes, tools and systems used in the prediction of the volcanic eruption activities in past, present and future. Key Terms This section will define the key terms used in assessing or predicting the volcanic eruptions. Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) A relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions. Volcano Classification Related to measurement of how much volcanic material thrown out from volcano, indices run from 0 to 8.

Volcano Number (Volcano Reference File Number, Volcano Numbering System, or VNUM) It is a hierarchical geographical system used to uniquely tag and identify the volcanoes and their features Seismic case studies This section will discuss about various events which led to the seismological effects and eruptions of the volcanos in past.

Annotate Bibliography Here the annotated bibliography of the 5 major sources have been presented. . 1.Cottrell, E., Siebert, L. and Kimberly, P., 2010, December. The Future of Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 2010, pp. V43E-04).

This article is published by highly qualified scholars and it is sourced from the credible data source. Authors have published several papers in this domain and quite qualified in this field. The authors of the article have critically examined the aim and objectives of the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program, and provided valuable insights over its working, results and key contribution made by the institute. That will be supportive in writing the purpose of Global Volcanism Program in may article.

2.Grosse, P., Euillades, P.A., Euillades, L.D. and Van Wyk de Vries, B., 2014. A global database of composite volcano morphometry. Bulletin of Volcanology, 76(1), pp.1-16.

This article is published in a reputed bulletin of related field, and published by highly qualified scholars of this domain. The article places critical importance on exploring the globally operating database of composite volcano morphometry, and analyses its significance in overall Global Volcanism Program. The key insights produced by this article could lead to better understanding of the integrated elements of the Global Volcanism Program, and the people, institutes and systems involved in it.

3.Crowley, T.J. and Unterman, M.B., 2013. Technical details concerning development of a 1200 yr proxy index for global volcanism. Earth System Science Data, 5(1), pp.187-197.

This article is sourced from a very credible and reliable source of Earth System Science Data. The authors of the article have provided several insightful findings related to the proxy index for global volcanism and history. That helps in setting a timeline of the major volcanic events, and providing a brief case study of that. Besides that, this article is also helpful in exploring the technical details of the volcanic indexing process, leading to better understanding of the key technical terms associated with the volcanic indexing, its applications, and classifications of that.

4.Edwards, B., Kochtitzky, W. and Battersby, S., 2020. Global mapping of future glaciovolcanism. Global and Planetary Change, 195, p.103356.

This recent article is published by the eminent scholars, and published in a scientific journal dedicated to cover the events and researches of global planetary changes. The article provides key details related to the key activities and processes applied in the Global mapping of future glaciovolcanism around the globe. It bases the future predictions based on the key observations made in the past, and current scientific developments ongoing in that context. That helped in understanding the current and future scope of Global Volcanism Program, and what can be expected regarding that in future.

5.Dobson, J. (2021). The 27 Most Active Volcanoes In The World And What Could Erupt Next. [Online] Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2021/04/09/the-27-most-active-volcanoes-in-the-world-and-what-could-erupt-next/?sh=6c01cd667836 [Accessed at 16 March 2022]

This article is sourced from the non-academic data source, like Forbes Magazine. The author of this articles has provided a list of the active volcanos and related details. These details will be quite useful in drafting details of my seismic case studies, as I have planned to include in my Wikipedia page. References List Cottrell, E., Siebert, L. and Kimberly, P., 2010, December. The Future of Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 2010, pp. V43E-04).

Crowley, T.J. and Unterman, M.B., 2013. Technical details concerning development of a 1200 yr proxy index for global volcanism. Earth System Science Data, 5(1), pp.187-197.

Dobson, J. (2021). The 27 Most Active Volcanoes In The World And What Could Erupt Next. [Online] Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2021/04/09/the-27-most-active-volcanoes-in-the-world-and-what-could-erupt-next/?sh=6c01cd667836 [Accessed at 16 March 2022]

Edwards, B., Kochtitzky, W. and Battersby, S., 2020. Global mapping of future glaciovolcanism. Global and Planetary Change, 195, p.103356.

Grosse, P., Euillades, P.A., Euillades, L.D. and Van Wyk de Vries, B., 2014. A global database of composite volcano morphometry. Bulletin of Volcanology, 76(1), pp.1-16.

Draft for 1000 words Global Volcanism Program Module Code: OLES2129

Introduction One of the most impactful natural disasters is a volcanic explosion which can create a far-reaching hazard and the impact can be visible far beyond the place of inception as well. A review published in (Brown et al. 2017) suggests that close to 1/10th of the global population is living in the footprint of volcanic hazards and lives are frequently lost due to different volcanic activity. The focus of this report is to identify the distribution of volcanic activities, their magnitude, and impact and present a general idea about the measurement of volcanic activities by elaborating on the principles associated with volcano seismology and subsequently discuss the importance of the global volcanism program, predictive timeline, and activities associated with volcanic eruptions. Purpose Behind Global Volcanism Program Records suggest that large-scale volcanic eruptions not only create a negative impact on the health of the living beings in society and aviation but, simultaneously affect the climate's natural variability to a great extent as well (Schmidt et al. 2012). One of the key impacts of volcanic eruption is the increase in the volume of sulphurs in the stratosphere which remains for years creating environmental hazards and negative impacts on the living beings across the world. According to the review of Ge et al. (2016), sulphur emissions from volcanic activity are considered to be as harmful as anthropogenic sulphur emanations in the worldwide sulphur cycle and their influence on the radiative force in the climate as well. Keeping this aspect in mind, various large-scale explosive volcanic outbreaks have been the focus of rigorous study for more than a few decades. The key focus of this study is to make sure that, before the volcanic eruption, there must be a clear picture of the probable impact of the same on the atmospheric and climatic scenario across the globe. Although the study cannot predict the accurate intensity or force of the same, this evaluation can present an idea about how much impact the same can crate on the atmosphere and climate and what precautionary methods can be taken to reduce the impact to the maximum possible level. Keeping this in mind, the study of moderate eruptive volcanoes and obstinately degassing volcanoes is becoming of greater interest to the geoscience community (Yuan et al. 2011). General principles of volcano seismology To understand seismology and its general principle, it is important first to understand the concept of seismology itself. To elaborate on the concept, it can be stated that, Seismicity underneath a volcano generally upsurges prior to any form of eruption. This is mainly due to the fact that both magma and volcanic gas first try to force their way upwards through available passageways and fractures, from a geological perspective, during the movement of any form of fluids or volcanic gas along with magma, the same can resultant in crack or breakdown of the rocks in its forward or create vibration as well. Generally, a high-scale earthquake can be experienced when there is a breakdown of rock in the path of magma or fluid and if there is crack vibration, a low-frequency earthquake or continuous vibration can be felt which is known as a volcanic tremor. In the volcanic zone, this tremor can often last for hours or days as well depending on the intensity of the movement of magma or fluids. Timeline of volcanism on Earth Prediction of Volcanic Activities With the development of science and technology, it becomes important for the experts to evaluate the significance of the volcano's irruption and subsequently predict possible volcanic activities as well in the future. Considering the volcanic activities, several warning signs and monitoring processes have been identified which helps the volcanologists to review and predict the same. The detail has been discussed in the below table: Warning Signs	Process of Monitoring A series of small earthquakes are triggered mainly because the stored magma below the earth's surface has been rising through cracks in the top part of the Earth which are known as the crust	To review the chances of volcanic eruption and subsequent earthquakes, the experts often rely on the Seismometers in detail

With the increasing number of activities around the volcano, the temperature started to increase as well. To detect the changes in the temperature in and around the volcano, the experts can rely on Thermal imaging techniques and subsequently use satellite cameras as well, which help detect the heatwave in and around the volcano as well.

Before erupting, any volcano starts releasing gases. A detailed analysis associated with the volcanic eruption suggests that, with the growing volume of Sulphur in the gasses released from the volcano, the chances of eruption started to increase as well. To understand the intensity of the volcanic eruption, the experts need to evaluate the sulfur level in the gas extracted from the volcano. Using chemical sensors is helpful to measure the sulfur level in the extracted gas which helps in evaluating the level of intensity associated with the volcanic irruption Table 1: Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions (Source: BBC 2022) Key Terms Some of the key terms associated with the discussion of volcanic eruptions are Magma and Lave, the products of Volcanic Eruptions include Lava Flows, Pyroclastic Material; Volcanic Landforms which include Stratovolcanoes or Composite Volcanoes Cinder Cones, Crater, and Calderas; Volcanic Eruptions which includes Effusive and Explosive Eruptions, Lahars and so on. A. The Products of Volcanic Eruptions Lava Flows

Volcanic Landfalls Shield Volcanos

Stratovolcanoes

Cinder Cones

Crater and Calderas

Explosive Eruptions

Volcano Number

Reference BBC, 2022. GCSE: Volcanoes and volcanic eruptions, available https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgh79qt/revision/8#:~:text=Predicting%20volcanic%20eruptions&text=Seismometers%20are%20used%20to%20detect,it%20starts%20to%20release%20gases. [Accessed 14 April 2022] Brown, S.K., Jenkins, S.F., Sparks, R.S.J., Odbert, H., and Auker, M.R., 2017. Volcanic fatalities database: analysis of volcanic threat with distance and victim classification. Journal of Applied Volcanology, 6(1), pp.1-20. Ge, C., Wang, J., Carn, S., Yang, K., Ginoux, P., and Krotkov, N., 2016. Satellite‐based global volcanic SO2 emissions and sulphate direct radiative forcing during 2005–2012. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(7), pp.3446-3464. Schmidt, A., B. Ostro, K. S. Carslaw, M. Wilson, T. Thordarson, G. Mann, W and Simmons, A.J., 2011, Excess mortality in Europe following a future Laki-style Icelandic eruption, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108, 15,710–715 Yuan, T., Remer, L. A and Yu, H., 2011, Microphysical, macrophysical and radiative signatures of volcanic aerosols in trade wind cumulus observed by the A-Train, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7119–7132