User:Bolter21/sandbox


 * User:Bolter21/Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology
 * Oded Lipschits

The site was settled as early as the Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC). In the 2nd millennium BC it was a well-fortified Canaanite city in the Middle Bronze Age and later part of the New Kingdom of Egypt in the Late Bronze Age. The city was violently destroyed at the end of the 12th century BCE. It was rebuilt by the Kingdom of Judah in the 9th century BCE and was a major site that was violently destroyed during the campaign of the Assyrian king Sennacherib in 701 BCE.

!Archeological Period !Stratum !Architechtural remains !Historical references
 * Chalcolithic
 * - bgcolor="#fff2e6"
 * Early Bronze Age I
 * - bgcolor="#fff2e6"
 * Early Bronze Age I
 * - bgcolor="#fff2e6"
 * Early Bronze Age I
 * Early Bronze Age I

! colspan="4" |Occupation gap ! colspan="4" |Occupation gap ! colspan="4" |Occupation gap
 * displaced mudbricks (possibly)
 * Early Bronze Age III
 * displaced mudbricks (possibly)
 * - bgcolor="#ffd7b3"
 * Middle Bronze Age IIA
 * XXV (25th)
 * burial cave, mudbrick materal, ash (may indicate destruction of the settlement by fire)
 * - bgcolor="#ffd7b3"
 * Middle Bronze Age IIA
 * XXIVb-a (24th)
 * city wall with glacis, dwelling
 * - bgcolor="#ffd7b3"
 * Middle Bronze Age IIA/B
 * XXIIIb-a (23rd)
 * city wall with glacis, tower, tabun oven
 * Middle Bronze Age IIB
 * XXII (22nd)
 * city wall (smaller than its predecessors)
 * Middle Bronze Age IIC
 * XXI (21st)
 * retaining wall, dwelling, courtyard, tomb
 * Middle Bronze Age IIC–Late Bronze Age I
 * XXb (20th)
 * retaining wall, large dwelling structure with burials under its floors, destruction layer
 * Late Bronze Age I
 * XXa (20th)
 * retaining wall, large dwelling structure with burials under its floors, round "podium", tabun, destruction layer
 * Thutmose III conqeust of Canaan
 * Middle Bronze Age IIC
 * XXI (21st)
 * retaining wall, dwelling, courtyard, tomb
 * Middle Bronze Age IIC–Late Bronze Age I
 * XXb (20th)
 * retaining wall, large dwelling structure with burials under its floors, destruction layer
 * Late Bronze Age I
 * XXa (20th)
 * retaining wall, large dwelling structure with burials under its floors, round "podium", tabun, destruction layer
 * Thutmose III conqeust of Canaan
 * Late Bronze Age I
 * XXa (20th)
 * retaining wall, large dwelling structure with burials under its floors, round "podium", tabun, destruction layer
 * Thutmose III conqeust of Canaan
 * - bgcolor="#ffc999"
 * Late Bronze Age II
 * XIXb (19th)
 * residential quarters, courtyard, benches, installation, destruction layer
 * Amarna letters
 * Late Bronze Age II
 * XIXa (19th)
 * residential quarters, courtyard, destruction layer
 * residential quarters, courtyard, destruction layer
 * Iron Age I
 * XVIII (18th)
 * dwellings
 * Iron Age I
 * XVII (17th)
 * dwellings, metal industry, oil press, destruction layer
 * Iron Age IIA
 * XVI (16th)
 * temporary settlement Bring information from stratigraphy chapter
 * Iron Age IIA
 * XV (15th)
 * Bring information from stratigraphy chapter
 * Iron Age IIA
 * XIV (14th)
 * casemate wall, dwellings, drainage channel, water system
 * Iron Age IIA
 * XV (15th)
 * Bring information from stratigraphy chapter
 * Iron Age IIA
 * XIV (14th)
 * casemate wall, dwellings, drainage channel, water system
 * Iron Age IIA
 * XIV (14th)
 * casemate wall, dwellings, drainage channel, water system
 * Iron Age IIA-B transitional period
 * XIII (13th)
 * Iron Age IIB
 * XII (12th)
 * "gallery" wall, dwellings, drainage channel, water system, destruction layer
 * Neo-Assyrian Empire conquest of Israel under Tiglath-Pileser III (732 BCE)
 * Iron Age III
 * XI (11th)
 * Persian
 * X (10th)
 * Persian
 * IX (9th)
 * Persian
 * VIII (8th)
 * Hellenistic
 * VII (7th)
 * Roman
 * VI (6th)
 * Byzantine
 * V (5th)
 * Early Arab
 * IV (4th)
 * Crusader
 * III (3rd)
 * Mamluk
 * II (2nd)
 * Ottoman
 * I (1st)
 * }
 * Hellenistic
 * VII (7th)
 * Roman
 * VI (6th)
 * Byzantine
 * V (5th)
 * Early Arab
 * IV (4th)
 * Crusader
 * III (3rd)
 * Mamluk
 * II (2nd)
 * Ottoman
 * I (1st)
 * }
 * Early Arab
 * IV (4th)
 * Crusader
 * III (3rd)
 * Mamluk
 * II (2nd)
 * Ottoman
 * I (1st)
 * }
 * Mamluk
 * II (2nd)
 * Ottoman
 * I (1st)
 * }
 * Ottoman
 * I (1st)
 * }
 * Ottoman
 * I (1st)
 * }
 * }
 * }

(for details of the human remains, see Chapter 15)

Pottery figures referred to in this chapter appear at the end of Chapter 3

''The Middle Bronze Age remains were found immediately on top of the bedrock on the northern slope (Area Al) and the western slope (Area A4) of Tel Yoqne'am. Though remains of the Middle Bronze Age were uncovered in both areas, the complete stratigraphie sequence, including the transition to the Late Bronze Age, was encountered only in Area Al. The earliest remains uncovered in Area Al, built directly on bedrock, are from the MB IIA. The stratigraphie sequence uncovered in Area Al includes five strata of the MB II, from the MB IIA to the MB IIC. As a result of the steep slope of the mound, the northern part of the excavated area has suffered extensive damage due to erosion, especially from Stratum XXIIIb onward.''

In order to discover the earliest remains of the settlement

THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE IIA STRATUM XXV: PRE-FORTIFICATION

''The rather poor remains of this stratum consist mainly of a burial cave cut into the bedrock, with a plan that is unique in the period. The burial cave has several chambers, each with a bell-like contour and a rounded opening in the ceiling. In one of the chambers two niches were cut into the walls; the skeleton of a female was found in each of the niches. A fill encountered on top of the bedrock throughout the area, consisting of mud-brick material and large amounts of ash together with some pottery and bones, was attributed to Stratum XXV.''

''The following stratum (XXIVb) was constructed above this fill. If there were any architectural elements belonging to Stratum XXV (the contents of the fill hint at mud-brick construction and floors), they were perhaps destroyed by fire and leveled by the builders of the next stratum as a foundation fill for their settlement.''

Lists that need to be checked

 * Eusebius
 * Joshua's 31 cities
 * Thutmose III's 119 cities
 * Amarna letters

For new archaeological articles:

 * Proper name + Arabic/historical names
 * Historical record / background
 * Significance
 * Geography = measures, location, sources of water etc.
 * Archaeology = when it was first settled? when was it abandoned? Chronology of its occupation
 * Status today.

Eating habits

 * Pottery
 * Bones

Main sites in Israel and the area:

 * Tyre, Lebanon
 * Meiron
 * Tel Hazor
 * Capernaum
 * Al-Shaykh Saad
 * Tell Abu Hawam
 * Khirbet Kerak
 * Atlit
 * Beit Shearim
 * Nazareth
 * Hamat Gader
 * Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve
 * Tel Dor
 * Tel Megiddo
 * Caesarea Maritima
 * Ti'inik
 * Beit She'an
 * Tirzah (ancient city)
 * Jerash
 * Samaria (ancient city)
 * Tell Balata
 * Deir Alla
 * Tell Qasile
 * Tel Afek
 * Tel Shilo
 * Beitin
 * Et-Tell
 * Amman
 * Tell es-Sultan
 * Tell en-Nasbeh
 * Gezer
 * Gibeah
 * Teleilat al-Ghassul
 * Beit Shemesh
 * Qumran
 * Madaba
 * Ashkelon
 * Bethlehem
 * Maresha
 * Beth-zur
 * Tell el-Hesi
 * Tall al-Ajjul
 * Tel Lachish
 * Dhiban, Jordan
 * Tell Beit Mirsim
 * Tell Jemmeh
 * Sharuhen
 * Bir Abu Matar
 * Masada
 * Bab edh-Dhra
 * Al-Karak
 * Mampsis
 * Khirbet et-Tannur
 * Shivta

Amateur's dictionary

 * Sarcophagus (p. Sarcophagi) – Stone-box used for burial, decorated, usually displayed above ground. - קופסה מאבן המשמשת לקבורה, מאותרת, בדרך כלל מוצגת מעל לפני הקרקע.

Wadi Auja
Bonelli's eagle, Lanner falcon, Griffon vulture, Egyptian vulture, Horned owl and Long-legged buzzard. Asphodeline lutea, Iris atrofusca, Iris haynei, Tulipa agenensis and Sternbergia clusiana

Cities in Joshua
Archaeologist Israel Finkelstein claims the city list in the Book of Joshua does not represent the Late Bronze Age reality.

Early Bronze Age (3300 - 2200 BCE)
Rise or urbanization in Canaan. Early cities. Trade relations. Mourtary practices

Intermediate Bronze Age (2200 - 2000 BCE)
Urban decline.

Middle Bronze Age (2000 - 1550 BCE)
Second urban outburst. Relations with Egypt, Cyprus and Mesopotamia. Mentions in texts. City states (Hazor, Megiddo etc.)

Late Bronze Age (1550 - 1200 BCE)
Hyksos, Egyptian rule, Canaanite city-states, religion and culture.

Amarna period (1350 - 1330 BCE)
Canaanite kings, wars, conspiracies, campaigns,

Early Israelites
Archaeological research of the Israelites and Judeans against the biblical period.

Philistines
Arrival of the Philistines and settlement. Philistines of the north.

Canaanites
Phoenicians and remaning Canaanite cities.

Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
Biblical narrative versus different opinions in archaeological research for the 10th century. Low chronology and Minimalist vs. Maximalist schools. 9th century dynesties, biblical narrative and mentiones from foreign sources. Recrods of religious and cultic practices - YHWH vs. Canaanite Gods. Relations of trade and wars with the Assyrians and the Arameans to the north, and the Egyptians to the south. Transjordanian kingdoms and Israelite population east of the Jordan.

Assyrian rule (732 - 628 BCE)
Assyrian conquest. Assyrian districts. Vassalization of the others. Assyrian constructions, outposts, administrative centers. Assyrian policies. Military campaigns.

Late Judah (628 - 587 BCE)
Judah under Zedekiah and Babylonian occupation

Iron Age III (587 - 538 BCE)
Babylonian rule.