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The last time Egypt had known a hereditary form of government was under the Mamluks, especially from 1279 to 1382, when power was in the hands of a single family, the house of Qalawun.


 * Imperial Firman of 1 June 1841
 * Imperial Firman of 27 May 1866
 * Royal Edict of 13 April 1922

Advantages and disadvantages of seniority and primogeniture

Khanki

The position of heir to the throne carried with it many privileges. The heir to the Egyptian throne had his own standard, his own maritime flag and his own air force flag. If not in the direct line, the heir presumptive was entitled to the qualification of Royal Highness. When he became heir presumptive in 1936, Prince Mohamed Aly was thus granted the qualification of Royal Highness, the only member of the Royal Family who was not a king's child to receive such an honour. The remuneration of the position was also quite generous: when the aforementioned Prince Mohamed Aly became heir presumptive for the third time in August 1952, his attributed salary was about $33,500 a year, which is the equivalent of $272,000 in 2009 dollars.


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Agnatic seniority (1841–1866)
The Muhammad Ali Dynasty was granted hereditary control over Egypt through the Imperial Hatti-Sheriff of 12 January 1841, confirmed by the Firman of 1 June 1841.

Male primogeniture (1866–1952)
Bribes of three million pounds sterling. Increase of 280,000 pounds to the tribute. The new system followed European customs but was a complete break with Islamic tradition. Only direct descendants of Isma'il.

As a result of the July 1952 Revolution, King Farouk I abdicated in favour of his six-month-old son and heir apparent Ahmad Fouad, who ascended the throne as King Fouad II on 26 July. However, Farouk took his infant son with him when he departed for exile. Fouad II thus only reigned as a nominal king-in-exile until the monarchy was formally abolished on 18 June 1953.

It is unclear whether there was an official heir to the throne during this ten-month reign. Most sources assert that Prince Mohamed Aly only had two tenures as heir presumptive (1892–99 and 1936–52). However, some contemporary sources seem to suggest that he became heir for a third time during Fouad II's reign. The confusion arises from the fact that the Regency Council formally approved that he be proclaimed heir presumptive, while military authorities objected on the grounds that Parliament alone was competent to deal with the question. In any case, Prince Mohamed Aly would have exercised very little power as heir, unlike during his two previous tenures, for he left for Switzerland on 16 September 1952, never to return to Egypt.

Ex-King Ahmed Fouad II currently lives in exile. His heir apparent is his eldest son Prince Mohamed Aly, born in Cairo on 5 February 1979. Although the prince uses the title of Prince of the Sa'id, he is merely addressed as such as a form of courtesy: the title carries no legal force because Egypt's republican government does not recognize royal titles.