User:Boots Redfield/sandbox

Add this to above after page is set up:
 * author-link= https://www.brandeis.edu/physics/people/profiles/redfield-alfred.html
 * has to be a wikilink to a wiki page

So, this is my agenda, there is not yet an article about my dad, Dr. Alfred G. Redfield, though there are about his dad Alfred C. Redfield and his Great(?) Grandfather William C. Redfield. In addition to his achievements and respect (his best paper got 1776 citations), there is the potential to some charming links about further family, also some of the theories. The redfield theory is already up on Wikipedia...

The 136 citations are formatted, and thinking about how to create a narrative based on periods of his scientific life. Of course, his papers are in a very foreign language, so it will take some time to translate into a good story.

2 Obituaries mixed together:

Al was one of the giants of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), in terms of both his contributions to fundamental science and the practical application of magnetic resonance to real world problems. As a teenager during World War II, he learned circuitry and electronics that he would later apply to building his own NMR spectrometers. However, his genius was not limited to NMR; Redfield relaxation theory has been applied to statistical mechanical and spectroscopic systems throughout the physical sciences. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1979 and named a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) in 1983. Al received the Max Delbrück Prize from the American Physical Society in 2006.

Education and the IBM years

Al was born in Milton, Massachusetts, and was named after his maternal great uncle, Alfred Guillou (1859– 1921). He grew up in Cambridge and then in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where his father, Alfred C. Redfield, worked at the Oceanographic Institute. He graduated from Harvard College in 1950 with a bachelor’s degree, a master’s in 1952, and then obtained his Ph.D. in 1953 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His Ph.D. thesis concerned the Hall Effect in diamonds and alkali metal halogens. Al’s thesis acknowledges “Professor C. P. Slichter and his associates for their friendliness and cooperation while I was occupying their magnet and laboratory.” Al and Charlie Slichter remained good friends throughout their lives. After returning to Harvard for a postdoc with Nicolaas Bloembergen, Al published a 1955 Physical Review paper titled “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Saturation and Rotary Saturation in Solids,” in which he established the concept of spin temperature in the rotating frame, including spin-locking, T1ρ relaxation, and dipolar order that were essential to many subsequent developments (1). In his Principles of Magnetic Resonance, Slichter called this paper “one of the most important papers ever written on magnetic resonance.” A more general treatment was published in Science in 1969 (2).

..variation- obit #2..

After returning to Harvard for a postdoc, he published a 1955 Physical Review paper "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Saturation and Rotary Saturation in Solids" in which he established the concept of spin temperature in the rotating frame, including spin-locking, T1 relaxation, and dipolar order that were essential to many subsequent developments. In his Principles of Magnetic Resonance, Slichter called this paper "one of the most important papers ever written on magnetic resonance". A more general treatment, "Nuclear Spin Thermodynamics in the Rotating Frame", was published in Science in 1969.

Al then took a position at IBM Watson Laboratories at Columbia University, where he remained until 1970. There he pursued applications of NMR in solids, as well as fundamental aspects of magnetic resonance. His work included measurements of spin-lattice relaxation in metals at very low temperatures (Anderson and Redfield, Phys. Rev. 1959), analysis of spin relaxation in solids driven by translational diffusion (Eisenstadt and Redfield, Phys. Rev. 1963), investigations of the properties of impurities in copper using field cycling (Redfield, Phys. Rev. 1963), the first demonstration of NMR for characterizing the vortex lattice in a type II superconductor (Redfield, Phys. Rev. 1967), and experiments and theory to show that spin diffusion in a magnetic field gradient generates dipolar order (Genack and Redfield, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1973). He also developed an indirect detection method for rare spins, observing natural abundance 43Ca in CaF2 using 19F (Bleich and Redfield, J. Chem. Phys. 1971), the intellectual ancestor of contemporary indirect detection methods.

In 1957, Al published his theory of spin relaxation, the eponymous Redfield Theory, in the IBM Journal of Research and Development. Years later, John Waugh, the editor of the nascent Advances in Magnetic Resonance, convinced Al to publish the theory "for real". His article became the centerpiece of the premier issue of that monograph series (Adv. Magn. Reson. 1, 1 (1965)). Redfield Theory as applied to statistical mechanical and spectroscopic systems has found applications throughout the physical sciences. Even so, Al would say of his theory when asked, "Well, it was just a better way of writing down what everybody already knew". In 1970, Al received the IBM Outstanding Contribution Award for his development of a high-resolution pulsed NMR spectrometer, which included one of the earliest implementations of quadrature detection in time-domain NMR (Redfield and Gupta, Adv. Magn. Reson. 1971). He also received a faculty appointment at Columbia. In 1969, he began using NMR to investigate biological materials during a sabbatical with Dan Koshland at U.C. Berkeley. In 1972, he joined the faculty at Brandeis University, with a joint appointment in physics and biochemistry, where he remained for the rest of his career.

He became a National Academy of Sciences member in 1979 and an American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow in 1983. Al received the Max Delbruck Prize from the American Physical Society in 2006.

Al's many pioneering contributions to biological NMR include early studies of electron transfer in cytochrome c using saturation transfer (Gupta and Redfield, Science 1970), solvent suppression via composite pulse excitation (Redfield, Kunz, and Ralph, J. Magn. Reson. 1975), measurements of hydrogen exchange rates in tRNA and proteins (e.g., Johnston, Figueroa, and Redfield, PNAS 1979; Stoesz, Redfield, and Malinowski, FEBS Lett 1978), and an early 1H-detected 2D 15N-1H correlation experiment that he referred to as the “forbidden echo” (Redfield, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1983).

Al would have been as comfortable in an engineering department as he was in physics. His home-built NMR spectrometer at Brandeis was the first instrument designed to specifically target biological systems. He optimized selective pulses for water suppression years before pulse trains such as WATERGATE and flip-backs came into common usage. Al’s first superconducting magnet, a 6.4 T magnet acquired in the early 1980s, was brought to field at Bruker in Billerica, MA and shipped cold and charged to Brandeis on a flatbed, a 20-mile trip. FIDs on his earlier instrument were digitized as they were acquired and stored on a 2048-bit ring memory before being passed to an IBM PC for Fourier transformation and analysis. All processing software was written by Al, as were the pulse sequences.

(obit #1)The IBM Years

Al then took a position at IBM Watson Laboratories at Columbia University, where he remained until 1970, pursuing applications of NMR in solids, as well as examining some fundamental aspects of magnetic resonance. His work at IBM included measurements of spin-lattice relaxation in metals at very low temperatures (3), analysis of spin relaxation in solids driven by translational diffusion (4), investigations of the properties of impurities in copper using field cycling (5, 6), the first demonstration of NMR for characterizing the vortex lattice in a type II superconductor (6), and experiments and theory to show that spin diffusion in a magnetic field gradient generates dipolar order (7). He also developed an indirect detection method for rare spins, observing natural abundance 43Ca in CaF2 using 19F (8), the intellectual ancestor of contemporary indirect NMR detection methods.

In 1957, Al published his theory of spin relaxation, the eponymous Redfield Theory, in the IBM Journal of Research and Development. Years later, John Waugh, the editor of the nascent Advances in Magnetic Resonance, convinced Al to publish the theory “for real.” His article became the centerpiece of the premier issue of that monograph series (9). Even so, Al would say of his theory when asked, “Well, it was just a better way of writing down what everybody already knew.” In 1970, Al received the IBM Outstanding Contribution Award for his development of a high-resolution pulsed NMR spectrometer, which included one of the earliest implementations of quadrature detection in time-domain NMR (10). He also received a faculty appointment at Columbia. In 1969, he began using NMR to investigate biological materials during a sabbatical with Dan Koshland at the University of California, Berkeley.

The Brandeis Years

In 1972, Al joined the faculty at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, with a joint appointment in physics and biochemistry, where he remained for the rest of his career. Brandeis was less than a quarter-century old at the time, having been established in 1948. But a forward-looking administration was in the process of building a world-class biochemistry department (with people such as Robert Abeles and William Jencks among the faculty), and many of Al’s pioneering contributions to biological NMR were done at Brandeis, including early studies of electron transfer in cytochrome c using saturation transfer (11), solvent suppression via composite pulse excitation (12), measurements of hydrogen exchange rates in tRNA and proteins (13, 14), and an early 1 H-detected 2D 15N-1 H multiple-quantum correlation experiment that he referred to as the “forbidden echo” (15, 16).

(etc)

Dr. Alfred G. Redfield Publications:

NAAS obit REFERENCES 1. Redfield, A. G. 1955. Nuclear magnetic resonance saturation and rotary saturation in solids. Physical Review 98(6):1787-1809.

2. Redfield, A. G. 1969. Nuclear spin thermodynamics in the rotating frame. Science 164(3883):1015-1023.

3. Anderson, A. G., and A. G. Redfield. 1959. Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in metals. Physical Review 116(3):583-591.

4. Eisenstadt, M., and A. G. Redfield. 1963. Nuclear spin relaxation by translational diffusion in solids. Physical Review 132(2):635-643.

5. Redfield, A. G. 1963. Pure nuclear electric quadrupole resonance in impure copper. Physical Review 130(2):589-595.

6. Redfield, A. G. 1967. Local-field mapping in mixed-state superconducting vanadium by nuclear magnetic resonance. Physical Review 162(2):367-374.

7. Genack, A. Z., and A. G. Redfield. 1973. Nuclear spin diffusion and its thermodynamic quenching in the field gradients of a Type-II superconductor. Physical Review Letters 31(19):1204-1207.

8. Bleich, H. E., and A. G. Redfield. 1971. Higher resolution NMR of rare spins in solids [1]. The Journal of Chemical Physics 55(11):5405-5406.

9. Redfield, A. G. 1965. The theory of relaxation processes. In Advances in Magnetic and Optical Resonance, pp 1-32.

10. Redfield, A. G., and R. K. Gupta. 1971. Pulsed Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. In Advances in Magnetic and Optical Resonance, pp 81-115.

11. Gupta, R. K., and A. G. Redfield. 1970. Double nuclear magnetic resonance observation of electron exchange between ferri- and ferrocytochrome c. Science 169(3951):1204-1206.

12. Redfield, A. G., S. D. Kunz, and E. K. Ralph. 1975. Dynamic range in Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance. Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 19(1):114-117.

13. Johnston, P. D., N. Figueroa, and A. G. Redfield. 1979. Real-time solvent exchange studies of the imino and amino protons of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA by Fourier transform NMR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 76(7):3130-3134. 9 ALFRED REDFIELD

14. Stoesz, J. D., A. G. Redfield, and D. Malinowski. 1978. Cross relaxation and spin diffusion effects on the proton NMR of biopolymers in H2 O: Solvent saturation and chemical exchange in superoxide dismutase. FEBS Letters 91(2):320-324.

15. Redfield, A. G. 1983. Stimulated echo NMR spectra and their use for heteronuclear twodimensional shift correlation. Chemical Physics Letters 96(5):537-540.

16. Weiss, M. A., A. G. Redfield, and R. H. Griffey. 1986. Isotope-detected 1H NMR studies of proteins: A general strategy for editing interproton nuclear Overhauser effects by heteronuclear decoupling, with application to phage λ repressor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 83(5):1325-1329.

17. McIntosh, L. P., et al. 1987. Proton NMR measurements of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme aided by 15N isotopic labeling: Structural and dynamic studies of larger proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 84(5):1244-1248.

18. Burk, S. C., M. Z. Papastavros, F. McCormick, and A. G. Redfield. 1989. Identification of resonances from an oncogenic activating locus of human N-RAS-encoded p21 protein using isotope-edited NMR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 86(3):817-820.

19. Pu, M., J. Feng, A. G. Redfield, and M. F. Roberts. 2009. Enzymology with a spin-labeled phospholipase C: Soluble substrate binding by 31P NMR from 0.005 to 11.7 T. Biochemistry 48(35):8282-8284.

20. Shi, X. et al. 2009. Modulation of Bacillus thuringiensis phosphatidylinositolspecific phospholipase C activity by mutations in the putative dimerization interface. Journal of Biological Chemistry 284(23):15607-15618.

21. Rosenberg, M. M., A. G. Redfield, M. F. Roberts, and L. Hedstrom. 2016. Substrate and cofactor dynamics on guanosine monophosphate reductase probed by high resolution field cycling 31P NMR relaxometry. Journal of Biological Chemistry 291(44):22988-22998.

NAAS SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1955 Nuclear magnetic resonance saturation and rotary saturation in solids. Physical Review 98(6):1787–1809.

1959 With A. G. Anderson. Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in metals. Physical Review 116(3):583–591.

1963 With M. Eisenstadt. Nuclear spin relaxation by translational diffusion in solids. Physical Review 132(2):635–643. Pure nuclear electric quadrupole resonance in impure copper. Physical Review 130(2):589–595.

1965 The theory of relaxation processes. In Advances in Magnetic and Optical Resonance, pp. 1–32.

1967 Local-field mapping in mixed-state superconducting vanadium by nuclear magnetic resonance. Physical Review 162(2):367–374.

1969 Nuclear spin thermodynamics in the rotating frame. Science 164(3883):1015–1023.

1970 With R. K. Gupta. Double nuclear magnetic resonance observation of electron exchange between ferri- and ferrocytochrome c. Science 169(3951):1204–1206.

1971 With H. E. Bleich. Higher resolution NMR of rare spins in solids [1]. The Journal of Chemical Physics 55(11):5405–5406. With R. K. Gupta. Pulsed Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. In Advances in Magnetic and Optical Resonance, pp.81–115.

1973 With A. Z. Genack. Nuclear spin diffusion and its thermodynamic quenching in the field gradients of a Type-II superconductor. Physical Review Letters 31(19):1204–1207.

1975 With S. D. Kunz and E. K. Ralph. Dynamic range in Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance. Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 19(1):114–117.

1978 With J. D. Stoesz and D. Malinowski. Cross relaxation and spin diffusion effects on the proton NMR of biopolymers in H2 O. Solvent saturation and chemical exchange in superoxide dismutase. FEBS Letters 91(2):320–324. 11 ALFRED REDFIELD

1979 With P. D. Johnston and N. Figueroa. Real-time solvent exchange studies of the imino and amino protons of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA by Fourier transform NMR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 76(7):3130–3134.

1983 Stimulated echo NMR spectra and their use for heteronuclear two-dimensional shift correlation. Chemical Physics Letters 96(5):537–540.

1986 With M. A. Weiss and R. H. Griffey. Isotope-detected 1 H NMR studies of proteins: A general strategy for editing interproton nuclear Overhauser effects by heteronuclear decoupling, with application to phage λ repressor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 83(5):1325–1329.

1987 With L. P. McIntosh, et al. Proton NMR measurements of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme aided by 15N isotopic labeling: Structural and dynamic studies of larger proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 84(5):1244–1248.

1989 With S. C. Burk, M. Z. Papastavros, and F. McCormick. Identification of resonances from an oncogenic activating locus of human N-RAS-encoded p21 protein using isotopeedited NMR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 86(3):817–820.

2009 With M. Pu, J. Feng, and M. F. Roberts. Enzymology with a spin-labeled phospholipase C: Soluble substrate binding by 31P NMR from 0.005 to 11.7 T. Biochemistry 48(35):8282–8284. With X. Shi, et al. Modulation of Bacillus thuringiensis phosphatidylinositolspecific phospholipase C activity by mutations in the putative dimerization interface. Journal of Biological Chemistry 284(23):15607–15618.

2016 With M. M. Rosenberg, M. F. Roberts, and L. Hedstrom. Substrate and cofactor dynamics on guanosine monophosphate reductase probed by high resolution field cycling 31P NMR relaxometry. Journal of Biological Chemistry 291(44):22988–22998.