User:Bothnia/scratch/Fredrik Gripenstierna

Fredrik Gripenstierna (1728–1804) Swedish inventor of the first cryptomachine. Grandson of Christopher Polhem.

Source

 * Bengt Beckman. Codebreakers: Arne Beurling and the Swedish crypto program during World War II. Translated by Kjell-Ove Widman. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, c2002.
 * Bengt Beckman. "An early cipher device: Fredrik gripenstierna's machine." Cryptologia. Volume XXVI, Issue 2 (April 2002) pp. 113 - 123.

Category:Pre-19th-century cryptographers Category:Swedish inventors