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MDMAasDrugsCom

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (E), is a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug. Desired effects of MDMA include increased empathy, pleasure, happiness; heightened sensations; altered sense of time, and sexuality. When taken by mouth, effects begin after 30–45 minutes and resolve after 3–6 hours. It can also be snorted or smoked. As of 2016, MDMA has no accepted medical uses. Adverse effects of MDMA use include addiction, memory problems, paranoia, difficulty sleeping, teeth grinding, blurred vision, sweating, and a rapid heartbeat. Use may also lead to depression and fatigue. Deaths have been reported due to increased body temperature and dehydration. MDMA increases the release and slows the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in parts of the brain — and has stimulant and psychedelic effects. The initial increase is followed by a short-term decrease in the neurotransmitters. MDMA is chiral – it exists as two enantiomers. It is structurally similar to methamphetamine, but it has more in common with the pharmacological and toxicological effects of amphetamines and hallucinogens.
 * Altered sense of time: Is this a desired effect? (Do people use MDMA to experience an altered sense of time?) Amphetamine and marijuana also cause an altered sense of time but are never mentioned as the reason people use them. Nor with MDMA.
 * Sexuality: This would be a desired effect but most research does not find sexuality to be a typical effect. At the very least it must be qualified.
 * Sociability: is a common and desired effect
 * Calmness: (dampening of anxieties) is a common and desired effect. It also benefits psychotherapy (PTSD).
 * Psychological insight: This dimension is clear from users' statements but is overlooked or lumped into empathy. (Inward empathy in a sense.) It also benefits psychotherapy.
 * Dancing and music
 * increased empathy, sociability, self-awareness
 * clamness, pleasure, euphoria
 * openess, trusting, suggestability
 * enhanced sensation
 * delight in music, dance, touch
 * stimulant effects
 * emotional intimacy, suggestability
 * While addictive, MDMA is not typically taken on a daily basis but episodically.
 * The entactogen effects diminish with every use and are irreversible. It is not believed to involve tolerance but chronic neurological changes.
 * While addictive, MDMA is not typically taken on a daily basis but episodically.
 * The entactogen effects diminish with every use and are irreversible. It is not believed to involve tolerance but chronic neurological changes.

MDMA was first made in 1912. It was used to try to improve psychotherapy in the 1970s and become popular as a street drug in the 1980s. MDMA is commonly associated with dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music. It is often sold mixed with other substances such as ephedrine or ketamine. In 2013, between 9 and 28 million people between the ages of 15 and 65 used ecstasy (0.2% to 0.6% of the world population). This was broadly similar to the percentage of people who use cocaine, amphetamines, and opioids, but fewer than for cannabis. In the United States, it was used by about 0.9 million people in 2010.

Having or using MDMA is generally illegal in most countries. Limited exceptions are sometimes made for research. Research is investigating whether a few low doses of MDMA may assist in treating severe, treatment-resistant mental disorders. More research is needed to determine if its usefulness outweighs the risk of harm.

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The immediate side effects and residual effects are should put in order. Blurred vision, sweating, etc. are immediate effects; depression, fatigue, etc. immediate after effects to residual effects; addiction, memory problems, gradual and residual effects.

Deaths have occurred from increased temperature with dehydration, and to overhydration.

"MDMA is chiral – it exists as two enantiomers." why not: "MDMA exists as two enantiomers."

It is structurally similar to methamphetamine, but it has more in common with the pharmacological and toxicological effects of amphetamines and hallucinogens.

This sentence is redundant, meaningless, and false.
 * 1) It isn't supported by the given citations. The first simply says, "[MDMA] is chemically similar to both stimulants and hallucinogens..."
 * 2) "MDMA ... has stimulant and psychedelic effects" is already said.
 * 3) Toxicological: MDMA has neurotoxic effects, as does methamphetamine.
 * 4) Methamphetamine is an amphetamine. Although more potent,the effects of methamphetamine is generally the same as other stimulant amphetamines, particularily amphetamine itself.
 * 5) Classic hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline) are serotonin receptor agonists; MDMA is predominately a serotonin releasing agent.

profound euphoria

from: "Benzedrine Sulphate in Clinical Medicine: A Survey of the Literature" Post-Graduate Medical Journal, August 1946 .

Can be taken when nausea and vomiting occur, and without aggravating the condition. The fast on set of effect is beneficial in persons with cancer who experience breakthrough pain (immediate pain that exceeds the ongoing pain medication). .

Big Boy Comic Book Codes
Abc


 * McDowell's||L
 * Shoney's||M
 * Abdow's||N
 * Top's||Q
 * Vip's
 * R
 * Manners||W
 * Frisch's||X
 * Azar's (Indiana)
 * Z
 * }
 * Manners||W
 * Frisch's||X
 * Azar's (Indiana)
 * Z
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 * Azar's (Indiana)
 * Z
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WHO Cancer Opioid Ladder
non-opioid optional adjuvant

WHO "Pain Ladder" for Adults

Pain Pain Persisting or increasing
 * 1) non-opioid  ± ajuvant
 * 1) opioid for mild to moderate pain  non-opioid  ± ajuvant

There is a broad consensus that opioid-based pharmacotherapy is the first-line strategy for the treatment of moderate or severe chronic pain in populations with active disease, and treatment guidelines have been developed from the known pharmacology of these drugs, extant data, and extensive clinical experience.