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In the block 15/9

Using Time-lapse Gravity and Seismic methods, the pioneering Sleipner carbon capture project confirmed the technological viability of injecting and measuring CO2 in an offshore reservoir, as well as the effectiveness of mitigating emissions through stable storage.

To avoid possible leakages that can result in health hazards and environmental destruction, above the Utsira Formation injection site lies 30 seafloor gravity stations. These sites monitor microseismic activity along with gravitational forces and depth metrics. Seafloor height, natural gas production, and tidal shifts determine the gravity measured. From 2002 to 2005, measurements identified vertical changes in established metric boundaries, most likely attributed to erosion and marine life. As a result, data has been reevaluated for new limit indicators. As of 2007, measurements from the gravity stations reveal that the injection of CO2 into the Utsira Formation has not resulted in any noticeable seismic activity and that there have been no carbon dioxide leakages in the past 10 years.

Onsite geochemical and reservoir simulations reveal a main buildup of CO2 under the cap seal. However, when the injections are eventually decommissioned, simulations show accumulation proximate to the cap seal in clay layers saturated with sand, which will result in solubility trapping. This solubility trapping, caused by the multiple layers of clay and sand, prevents CO2 from rising beyond and will ultimately turn to mineral trapping in the substrate. Furthermore, groundwater flow facilitates better distribution of gases and depressurization, lowering the risk of leakage. The composition of the mixture of clay, sand, and carbon is the determining factor of long-term success in the Sleipner CCS project.

As of 2018 after over 20 years of operation, one million tons of CO2 is transported and injected into the formation yearly.

One technical issue is that the pipes rust. While injection pipelines do not succumb to rusting when transporting CO2, transport pipelines experience low temperatures and high pressures, resulting in dew formation, and subsequently, rust.

Injectivity, in the initial year, proved insecure due to sinking top sand. However, after a re-perforation and an installation of a gravel layer in August 1997, CCS operations were secure.

Explicitly regulated under Norway's Petroleum law in December 2014, monitoring objectives focus on assessing gas movement, shell stability, and the effectiveness of remedy scenarios in case of leakage.

In an updated 2017 report, the Norway Petroleum Directorate estimates 2.72 million cubic meters of oil, 11.72 billion cubic meters of natural gas, .67 million tons of natural gas liquids, and .07 million cubic meters of condensates remain in the reserves.

The Miocene Utsira Formation is a large aquifer with a stable, layered clay seal. Distributed through multiple phases as a result of sea-level variations caused by glacial events in the Pilocene period, deposits are dated back to the late Miocene/ early Pliocene to early Pleistocene times, determined by palynology. Upper Pilocene deltaic sand deposits blanket the formation with the highest top sands located roughly 150 meters below sea level. Measured with 3D seismic data, the Utsira sandstone lies underneath 800-1000m of sediment under the sea with a maximum thickness of over 300 meters. The Utsira stretches 450 kilometers North to South and 90 kilometers East to West. In the North and South lie deep sand systems, while in the middle region slimmer deposits cover the seafloor. The Tampen area, located in the most Northern region, contains lean deposits of glauconitic sand.

Miocene utsira formation
The Miocene Utsira Formation, a large aquifer with a stable, layered clay seal, is characterized as an ideal injection site due to its porosity, permeability, mineralogy, bedding, depth, pressure, and temperature. With its top sands located roughly 150 meters below sea level, the formation is blanketed with Upper Pilocene deltaic sand deposits and has a maximum thickness of over 300 meters. The Utsira stretches 450 kilometers North to South and 90 kilometers East to West. In the North and South lie deep sand systems, while in the middle there are slimmer deposits. The Tampen area, located in the most Northern region, contains lean deposits of glauconitic sand.

Carbon capture and storage project
The Sleipner Vest (West) field is used as a facility for carbon capture and storage (CCS). It is the world's first offshore CCS plant, operative since October 1996. As of 2018, one million tonness of CO2 have been transported and injected into the formation yearly since 1996. The project summary reports a capacity of up to 600 billion tonnes ( ~660 billion tons). Carbon dioxide is treated on the Sleipner T treatment platform. After that carbon dioxide is transported to the Sleipner A platform where it is injected into the Utsira formation through a dedicated well ca. 1000 meters under the seabed. Using Time-lapse Gravity and Seismic methods, the pioneering Sleipner carbon capture project confirmed the technological viability of injecting and measuring CO2 in an offshore reservoir, as well as the effectiveness of mitigating emissions through stable storage. To avoid possible leakages that can result in health hazards and environmental destruction, above the Utsira Formation injection site lies 30 seafloor gravity stations for monitoring. These sites monitor microseismic activity along with gravitational forces and depth metrics. Seafloor height, natural gas production, and tidal shifts determine the gravity measured. From 2002 to 2005, measurements identified vertical changes in established metric boundaries, most likely attributed to erosion and marine life. Onsite geochemical and reservoir simulations reveal a main buildup of CO2 under the formation's cap seal. However, when the injections are eventually decommissioned, simulations show accumulation proximate to the cap seal in clay layers saturated with sand, which will result in solubility trapping. This solubility trapping, caused by the multiple layers of clay and sand, prevents oozing CO2 from rising beyond and will ultimately turn to mineral trapping in the substrate. Furthermore, groundwater flow facilitates better distribution of gases and depressurization, lowering the risk of leakage. The composition reaction of the mixture of clay, sand, and carbon is the determining factor of long-term stability in the Sleipner CCS project. As of 2007, measurements from the gravity stations revealed that the injection of CO2 into the Utsira Formation has not resulted in any noticeable seismic activity and that there have been no carbon dioxide leakages in the past 10 years. Natural gas pipelines' operator Gassco had proposed to build a 240 km carbon dioxide pipeline from Kårstø to transport carbon dioxide from the now decommissioned Kårstø power station. While injection pipelines do not succumb to rusting when transporting CO2, transport pipelines experience low temperatures and high pressures, resulting in dew formation, and

The Sleipner West field has up to 9% CO2 concentration; Norway only allows 2.5% CO2 before imposing production export quality penalties which may have been NOK 1 million/day. Before the carbon tax of 1991, industries released poor quality CO2 into the atmosphere. Operating costs are $17US/ ton CO2 injected, however, the company does not pay the carbon tax and receives carbon credit.

Article evaluation
Carbon dioxide scrubber

Article was neutral and informative. It included the chemical equations, but did not have any pictures of the actual technology. All sources, except two, come from scholarly journals. One source is from the New York Times, while another is a government report. There are multiple wikipedians working on the article. Constructive questions and requests. It is part of three wikiprojects and holds mid to low importance.