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"Ross Granville Harrison (January 13, 1870 – September 30, 1959) was an American biologist and anatomist credited as the first to work successfully with grow artificial tissue culture. His work also contributed to understanding of how embryos develop. Harrison studied all over the world and made a career as a university professor. He was also a member of many learned societies and received several awards for his contributions to anatomy and biology. " (already in article. additions underlined)

Important Highlights of the Article:

-studied all over the world

-lectured at multiple colleges; spent most of career as professor at Yale

-embryology studies: first to culture cells outside of organisms (lead to stem cell research); also investigated development of embryos

-member of many learned societies and received several awards

Education/Studies

"Harrison received his early schooling in Baltimore, where his family had moved from Germantown, Philadelphia. Announcing in his mid teens a resolve to study medicine, he entered Johns Hopkins University in 1886, receiving his BA degree in 1889 at the age of nineteen. In 1890, he worked as a laboratory assistant for the United States Fish Commission in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, studying the embryology of the oyster with his close friend E. G. Conklin and H. V. Wilson.

In 1891, he participated in a marine zoology field trip to the Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory in Jamaica. Attracted to the work of Moritz Nussbaum, h e worked in Bonn, Germany during 1892– 189 3, 1895– 189 6, and 1898 and became an M.D. there in 1899. Harrison gained his Ph.D. in 1894 after courses in physiology with H. Newell Martin and morphology with William Keith Brooks. He devoted study to mathematics, astronomy and also the Latin and Greek classics. He worked with T. H. Morgan as a lecturer in morphology at Bryn Mawr College. " (in the article already, additions/rewrites underlined)

Career

" Between his studies in Bonn, Harrison taught morphology at Bryn Mawr College from 1894-1895. He was an instructor at Johns Hopkins University from 1896-1897 and became an associate at the university from 1897-1899.  From 1899 until 1907, he was the Associate Professor of Anatomy, teaching histology and embryology. By this time he had contributed more than twenty papers and made the acquaintance of many leading biologists. His work on tissue culture became very influential.

He then moved to New Haven to take up a post at Yale University, where he was Bronson Professor of Comparative Anatomy. He was made chair of the zoology department in 1912, participating through to 1913 in a revitalization and re-organisation of the several faculties of which he became a member. He undertook further studies at the United States Fish Commission in the early years of the century. In 1913 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. Harrison was instrumental in the 1913 opening of the university laboratory, Osborn Memorial Laboratory, and served as its director beginning in 1918. In 1914, Harrison was made the Medical School's chief advisor on staffing. H e was made the Sterling Professor of Biology in 1927 and kept these three titles until his retirement in 1938, when he was made Yale's Professor Emeritus. " (in the article already, additions underlined)

After studies in 1892-1893:

-taught morphology at Bryn Mawr College (1894-1985)

-Instructor at John Hopkins 1896-1897, became associate 1897-1899

-became associate professor of anatomy 1899-1907 (began research of peripheral nervous system development and published paper in 1907)

-1907: Bronson Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Yale

-1912-1938: chair of zoology department

-1913: got university lab opened (Osborn Memorial Laboratory)

-1918-1938: director of lab

-1927-1938: Sterling Professor of Biology

-after 1938: Professor Emeritus

all from: (so far)


 * Citation: Maienschein, Jane. "Harrison, Ross Granville (1870-1959), biologist." American National Biography.  February, 2000. Oxford University Press,. Date of access 25 Oct. 2018, < http://www.anb.org.libproxy.clemson.edu/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1300707 >

Embryology Studies

" Harrison successfully cultured frog neuroblasts in a lymph medium, proving that nerve fibers develop without a preexisting bridge or chain and that tissues can be grown outside of the body. He published the results of his studies in 1907. This part of Harrison's research was the first step toward current research on precursor and stem cells. While Harrison himself didn't develop this area of research any further, he encouraged others to . He was considered for a Nobel prize for his work on nerve-cell outgrowth, which helped form the modern functional understanding of the nervous system, and he contributed to surgical tissue transplant technique.

During the first world war, Harrison studied embryology and the symmetries of development. By means of the dissection of embryos followed by transplantation and rotatation of the limb bud he demonstrated that the main axes of the developing limb are determined independently and at slightly different times, determination of the anteroposterior (anterior-posterior) axis preceding that of the dorsoventral ( dorsal-ventral) axis. Harrison dissected Amblystoma puncatatum (salamander) embryos and transplanted limb buds to determine whether the limbs developed independently or according to instructions from host cells. When the limb buds were transplanted in halves or doubled, they still developed into normal limbs. Harrison concluded that the information from the host (the surrounding embryo cells) directed the cells to develop normally even though they were transplanted in halves or doubles. Therefore, the limb buds were all equipotential, meaning they all developed the same way, and the tissue around the limb buds determined their dorsoventral orientation. However, when a left limb was put on the right side of the body, a left limb grew anyway despite its relocation. The same pattern occurred when a right disk was placed on the left side of the body--a right limb grew. Harrison also transplanted inverted limbs. When a left disk was inverted, it grew a right limb (and vice versa). Harrison then concluded by this data that the buds determined anteroposterior orientation independent of the surrounding host tissue. Based on this data, Harrison concluded that the development of limbs is not determined exclusively by the limb buds or by the environment. Rather, both of these factors influence how an embryo develops. Harrison published the results of this study in 1921 in the Journal of Experimental Zoology in a paper titled On relations of symmetry in transplanted limbs. " (in article already, additions underlined)

From Source 1:


 * 1907- published results of nerve development studies: cultured frog lymph to grow nerve fibers into surrounding medium, proving that nerve fibers develop without a preexisting bridge or chain--supported Outgrowth Theory and disproved the Protoplasmic Bridge and Cell-Chain Theories
 * showed that tissues can be grown outside the body--chose not to develop this further but encouraged other people to
 * investigated how the body axes are established during development by transplanting tissue of a certain color to host tissue of a different color (heteroplastic grafting)
 * found that some parts grow at their own rate, some parts take direction from the host tissue, and other parts depend on interactions between the host and the grafted material
 * 1921: showed that a disk of mesoderm produces a salamander limb; when a left disk was put on the right side of the body, the left limb grew; but when the left disk was inverted, it grew a right limb; determined that the anteroposterior axis is determined early
 * presented research in 80+ professional papers and lectures at Harvey Society, Harvard, the Royal Society of London, St. John's College, Cambridge, and Yale
 * Citation: Maienschein, Jane. "Harrison, Ross Granville (1870-1959), biologist." American National Biography.  February, 2000. Oxford University Press,. Date of access 25 Oct. 2018, < http://www.anb.org.libproxy.clemson.edu/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1300707 >

From Source 2:


 * 1921 salamander experiments used Amblystoma punctatum; paper titled "On relations of symmetry in transplanted limbs" was published in JEZ (in the same year)
 * became interested in embryology when studying the telost fish in Germany (see previous notes for more info on this)
 * experiments in paper were systematic, thoroughly detailed, and included drawing; paper appeared to be very objective and raw data was what was seen, not what was predicted
 * transplanted limb buds in halves, doubles, inverted, or preserved and then observed how they grew in
 * halved and doubled both grew normal limbs, which means that the buds regulate their growth/development and that the bud behaves as an "equipotential system, which can respond to information from the rest of the embryo and re-set its developmental program"--so basically, they all develop the same way when they receive the information from the rest of the embryo telling them what to be
 * concluded that limbs aren't determined exclusively by themselves or by their environment, but rather a combination of both
 * in this tissue, anterioposterior orientation is already determined by the buds, but the tissue around the bud determines dorsoventral orientation
 * because the limb buds were "equipotential", Harrison argued that the signal telling the limbs how to develop is molecular and depends on the environment to develop a certain way--relies on the limb bud instead of the arrangement of limb buds at the time it's transplanted
 * scientist named Childs disagreed with molecular approach and argued that the limbs were devloped relative to the arrangement of the buds (metabolic gradient) at the time of transplant
 * Harrison and W.T. Astbury (crystallgrapher) tried to identify molecular structure that would found the development, but couldn't find any evidence
 * predicted that molecular asymmetry and gradients were the causes of embryos developing asymmetrically "without any molecular biology, mouse knockouts, or genomics"


 * Citation: Brueckner, Martina. “What Comes First: The Structure of the Egg? Ross Granville Harrisono n the Origin of Embryonic Polarity.” Journal of Experimental Zoology, 2004, pp. 549–551. Web of Science, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jez.a.82.

Other Pursuits

Harrison pursued many things outside of his work in university. From 1904-1946, Harrison was the managing editor of the Journal of Experimental Zoology. He served in the American Society of Anatomists from 1912-1914, and joined the American Society of Naturalists in 1913. In 1924, Harrison joined the American Society of Zoologists and in 1933, he joined the Beaumont Medical Club. He was a member of Anatomische Gesellschaft ("Anatomical Society" in German) from 1934-1935 and became chair of section F for the American Association for Advancement of Science in 1936.

"After his retirement from Yale, he was called upon several times as an advisor to the U.S. government and his organisational skills were of paramount importance in establishing links between scientists, the government and the media. He was Chairman of the National Research Council from 1938 -1946 and worked to help people who were having difficulties obtaining medicines such as penicillin. to 1946. He was a member of the Science Committee of the National Resources Planning Board in 1938, and chairman of the Committee on Civil Service Improvement and a member of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress in 1939. He was awarded many prizes, such as the John Scott Medal and Premium of the City of Philadelphia in 1925 and the John J. Carty Medal of the National Academy of Sciences in 1947. Additionally, he was officiated in many learned societies He edited the Journal of Experimental Zoology until 1946. He also and served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1938–1956. From 1946-1947, Harrison was a member of the Society for the Study of Development and Growth.

Harrison gave a Croonian Lecture in 1933: The origin and development of the nervous system studied by the methods of experimental embryology. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1940. He gave the 1948-49 Silliman Memorial Lecture: Organization and Development of the Embryo, published posthumously in 1969." (in article already, additions underlined)

All from Source 1:

-Other pursuits: 1904-1946: managing editor of Journal of Experimental Zoology; served in American Society of Anatomists 1912-1914; chair of section F for American Association for Advancement of Science, 1936; American Society of Naturalists, 1913; American Society of Zoologists, 1924; Anatomische Gesellschaft, 1934-1935; Beaumont Medical Club, 1933; Society for the Study of Development and Growth, 1946-1947, and the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, 1939; chairman of National Research Council during WWII, 1938-1946 (worked to help fix issues people had getting medicines such as penicillin)


 * Recieved John Scott Medal and Premium of the City of Philadelphia in 1925 and John J. Carty Medal of the National Academy of Sciences in 1947

Personal Life

" He married Ida Lange (1874-1967) in Altona, Germany on January 9, 1896 and they had a family of five children." (In article, originally under education but moved)

"The first world war was not a happy time for Harrison, with his pacifist leanings and his German wife and studies, but he persevered with embryology, working upon the symmetries of development." (in article, originally under career but moved)

"Although a keen morphogeneticist and an admirer of Goethe, Harrison himself did not philosophise much in his papers and, being somewhat reserved and diffident in his social dealings despite his warm feelings for his students' attainment, did not enjoy lecturing but chiefly confined himself to organisation, publication (his textbook illustrations have been highly praised) and patient experiment. He remained a keen walker all his life and is presumed to have died in New Haven. " (In article already, additions underlined)


 * Assumed place of death was New Haven
 * was quiet and shy but apparently intimidating to his students; apparently was messy with paper work and office space but was willing to accept visitors or discuss/appreciate other people's work

all from: (so far)


 * Citation: Maienschein, Jane. "Harrison, Ross Granville (1870-1959), biologist." American National Biography.  February, 2000. Oxford University Press,. Date of access 25 Oct. 2018, < http://www.anb.org.libproxy.clemson.edu/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1300707 >

References