User:Brae.wood/sandbox

Mayah Joyce:

Ernest Shackleton: In her book Forged in Crisis, author Nancy Koehn states that, “Some writers have suggested that Shackleton enlisted because he knew his future reputation would be dependent on a record of patriotic service in the war.” (Koehn, 2017, p.70)

- Working under First World War, within the first paragraph

- Koehn, Nacy (2017). Forged In Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders. New York, NY: Scribner. p 70.

Abraham Lincoln: Lincoln’s father made his mother’s coffin, but a young Abe was the one who whittled the wooden pegs that held the box’s wooden slats together.

- Working under Mother’s Death, at the end of the first paragraph.

- Koehn, Nacy (2017). Forged In Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders. New York, NY: Scribner. p 88.

Frederick Douglass: In the spring of 1836, Douglass returned to Baltimore where Hugh Auld found him work in a local shipyard as a caulker’s apprentice. Alud collected all of Douglass’s wages. In the shipyard, Douglass took notice of how harmoniously the free blacks, slaves, and white men worked together, this however, was short lived. The white men were afraid of their employers push them out of their jobs in order to higher more black men at lower pay. Hostility grew and eventually broke. In one particular instance Douglass was attacked by four white men, all workers at the shipyard, all armed with rocks, hand spikes and sticks. They beat him until he could no longer move. Hugh Auld, indescribably angered by the damage of his property, arranged for Douglass to work in another shipyard. That is where, over the course of another year, he learned to caulk.

- Working under Life as a Slave, after the last paragraph.

- Koehn, Nacy (2017). Forged In Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders. New York, NY: Scribner. p 229.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Bonhoeffer first met his would be fiancée Maria, when she had been his confirmation student at age eleven.

- Working under Imprisonment first paragraph.

- Koehn, Nacy (2017). Forged In Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders. New York, NY: Scribner. p 336.

Rachel Carson: Carson’s small frame didn’t stop her from pursuing sports in high school. She played on the field hockey and basketball team at her school, and became very skilled in both sports.

- Working under Early life and education near the end of the first paragraph.

- Koehn, Nacy (2017). Forged In Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders. New York, NY: Scribner. p 379.

Shackleton, Braden Calvin

---Working from the "Open-Boat journey" section

"Shackleton chose five companions for the journey: Frank Worsley, Endurance's captain, who would be responsible for navigation; Tom Crean, who had "begged to go"; two strong sailors in John Vincent and Timothy McCarthy, and finally the carpenter McNish.[106] Shackleton had clashed with McNish during the time when the party was stranded on the ice, but, while he did not forgive the carpenter's earlier insubordination, Shackleton recognized his value for this particular job.[h][107][108]"

'''Shackleton took along McNish, Worsley, McCarthy, and Vincent on his voyage for help. Not only did Shackleton recognize their value for the job but also because he knew the potential risk they were to morale. This allowed for Shackleton to remain in control of the moral of his crew members. The attitudes of his men were a point of emphasis in leading his men back to safety.'''

---Koehn, N. F. (2014). Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Legendary Leaders. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. (pg 57)

Article Sources :

106:Worsley, pp. 95–99.

107: Huntford, p. 475.

108: Huntford, p. 656.

Lincoln, Braden Calvin

Lincoln

--- Working from the beggining of the General McClellan Section

-After the Union rout at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief.[6]:318–319 McClellan then took months to plan his Peninsula Campaign. McClellan's slow progress frustrated Lincoln, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan blamed Lincoln's holding troops back for his campaign's subsequent failure.[6]:349–352

'''-Lincoln went as far as meeting with General McClellan in his home to discuss matters privately. Once McClellan heard Lincoln was in his home, McClellan stay hidden away until Lincoln left.'''

---Koehn, N. F. (2014). Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Legendary Leaders. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. (pg 153-154)

Article Sources:

6: Donald, David Herbert (1996-11-05). Lincoln. Simon and Schust

Fredrick Douglass

-Working in the "Life as a Slave" section final paragraph

In 1833, Thomas Auld took Douglass back from Hugh ("[a]s a means of punishing Hugh," Douglass later wrote). Thomas Auld sent Douglass to work for Edward Covey, a poor farmer who had a reputation as a "slave-breaker". He whipped Douglass regularly, and nearly broke him psychologically. The sixteen-year-old Douglass finally rebelled against the beatings, however, and fought back. After Douglass won a physical confrontation, Covey never tried to beat him again.[25]

From 

-'''The physical brawl between Covey and Douglass ended in a draw, but, a draw was a victory for Douglass. From that point on, Covey never again laid his hand on a slave.'''

---Koehn, N. F. (2014). Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Legendary Leaders. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. (pg 224)

-Article Sources:

25: Bowers, Jerome. Frederick Douglass, Teachinghistory.org. Accessed June 3, 2010.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

- Working in the Return the the United States Section

-In February 1938, Bonhoeffer made an initial contact with members of the German Resistance when his brother-in-law Hans von Dohnányi introduced him to a group seeking Hitler's overthrow at Abwehr, the German military intelligence service.

-'''It was because of this initial contact with members of the Abwehr that gave Bonhoeffer the opportunity to step into a role that he had been searching for to resist the German autocracy. This was a crucial moment in the framework of his leadership.'''

---Koehn, N. F. (2014). Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Legendary Leaders. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. (pg 330)

Rachel Carson, Braden Calvin

-Working in the Promotion and Reception section, paragraph 5.

---White-Stevens labeled her "...a fanatic defender of the cult of the balance of nature,"[67] while former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Benson, in a letter to former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, reportedly concluded that because she was unmarried despite being physically attractive, she was "probably a Communist."[68]

-'''Carson was criticized by many names due to her research and work. The director of the New Jersey Department of Agriculture said that Carson aligned herself with a "vociferous, misinformed group of nature-balancing, organic gardening, bird-loving, unreasonable citizenry..."'''

-Koehn, N. F. (2014). Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Legendary Leaders. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated (pg. 429)

Jonah Robson

- Ernest Shackleton: I am working under the "Legacy" section, under the "Later" subpoint. I want to add it where they are talking about his leadership skills and lessons learned from him.

In 2001 Margaret Morrell and Stephanie Capparell presented Shackleton as a model for corporate leadership in their book Shackleton's Way: Leadership Lessons from the Great Antarctic Explorer. They wrote: "Shackleton resonates with executives in today's business world. His people-centered approach to leadership can be a guide to anyone in a position of authority".[150] Other management writers were soon following this lead, using Shackleton as an exemplar for bringing order from chaos.

'In 2017 Nancy Koehn gave us a new perspective of Shackleton's leadership skills during a time of crisis in her book titled Forged In Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders''.[1] Koehn picks up on one of the most profound characteristics of Shackleton in stating, "Perhaps the most powerful view of this leader's unmistakable humanity is that in the face of the mistakes he made in rushing south in 1914, of ongoing financial problems, and of the narcissistic quest for fame that drove him to Antarctica the first three times—in the face of these and other faults—he proved capable, indeed, he made himself capable, of doing an extraordinary thing."[2] ''' Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged In Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders. New York, NY: Scribner. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-5011-7444-5. Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders. New York, NY: Scribner. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-5011-7444-5.

- Abraham Lincoln: I am working under the legacy section. I want to switch the words freedom and equality, to equality and freedom because the Declaration of Independence opens up talking about equality for all men before he talks about freedom from the King.

The Declaration's emphasis on freedom and equality for all, in contrast to the Constitution's tolerance of slavery, shifted the debate.

The Declaration's emphasis on equality and freedom for all, in contrast to the Constitution's tolerance of slavery, shifted the debate.

- Frederick Douglass: I am working under the Redefining his ideology section, and going in chronological order, this fits between paragraphs two and three.

Douglass called for court action to open all schools to all children. He said that full inclusion within the educational system was a more pressing need for African Americans than political issues such as suffrage.

'''Douglass continued to grow in fame and stature, giving lectures around the northern states. On one occasion he specifically attacked the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the Kansas Nebraska Act in a speech given at Rochester College in Chicago on October 30, 1854. Here he stated, "The only intelligible principle on which popular sovereignty is founded, is found in the Declaration of American Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal and are endowed by their Creator with the right of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”” Later going on to say, “The right of each man to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, is the basis of all social and political right, and, therefore, how brass-fronted and shameless is that impudence, which while it aims to rob men of their liberty, and to deprive them of the right to the pursuit of happiness—screams itself hoarse to the words of popular sovereignty." '''

Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five corageous Leaders. New York, NY: Scribner. pp. 256–257. ISBN 978-1-5011-7444-5.

- Dietrich Bonhoeffer: I am working under the imprisonment section, second paragraph, where it talks about Bonhoeffer's letters and last bit of time in prison.

There he continued his work in religious outreach among his fellow prisoners and guards. Sympathetic guards helped smuggle his letters out of prison to Eberhard Bethge and others, and these uncensored letters were posthumously published in Letters and Papers from Prison.

'''Bonhoeffer also wrote frequent letters to his fiancee Maria. In the last letter he sent to her, he included a poem addressed to his family, "By kindly powers so wondrously protected we wait with confidence, befall what may. We are with God at night and in the morning, and, just as certainly, on each new day." Bonhoeffer did not fear death for he had complete confidence in the God whose work would transcend his death.'''

Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders. New York, NY: Scribner. pp. 361–362. ISBN 978-1-5011-7444-5.

- Rachel Carson: I am working under the Silent Spring section, and changing some of the words in this sentence to make it clearer.

Carson was not the first or the only person to raise concerns about DDT,[32] but her combination of "scientific knowledge and poetic writing" reached a broad audience and helped to focus opposition to DDT use.[33]

Carson was not the first or the only person to raise concerns about DDT,[32] but her combination of "scientific knowledge and poetic writing" reached a vast audience and helped center opposition towards DDT use.[33]

Emily Sutton Shackleton

Imperial Trans arctic expedition: rescue His first three attempts were foiled by sea ice, which blocked the approaches to the island. His inability to reach his men filled Shackleton with frustration and anxiety, yet he refused to give up showing his determination.[1]

Legacy:Early

This disparity continued into the 1950s.[146] Scott's fame was difficult for Shackleton to handle, as it overshadowed his own hopes for enduring fame.[2]

Lincoln

Reconstruction

Shortly after Lee's surrender, a general asked Lincoln how to treat defeated Confederates. Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy."[17]:509–512 '''Lincoln was determined to find meaning in the war even when it had passed, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together. He planned to go forward not by focusing on who to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one.[3]'''

Marriage and Children

They reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's married sister. They announced their re-engagement on the same date that they were married.[4]

Douglass

Life as a Slave

When Douglass was about twelve, Hugh Auld's wife Sophia started teaching him the alphabet. From the first day he had arrived, Douglass finally got to experience proper clothing, a full stomach, and a bed with sheets and blankets thanks to Sophia's decency.  Douglass described her as a kind and tender-hearted woman, who treated him "as she supposed one human being ought to treat another". Hugh Auld disapproved of the tutoring, feeling that literacy would encourage slaves to desire freedom; Douglass later referred to this as the "first decidedly antislavery lecture" he had ever heard. Under her husband's influence, Sophia came to believe that education and slavery were incompatible and one day snatched a newspaper away from Douglass. She stopped teaching him altogether and hid all potential reading materials including her bible from him.

Dietrich

Return to the US

He returned to Germany on the last scheduled steamer to cross the Atlantic. '''One of his former colleagues from the confessing church was at first outraged at Dietrich's almost immediate return. However, his choice to return to Germany showed that he was prepared to lose everything in order to fight for a bigger cause.'''

Imprisonment

Once he was in prison, however, Maria's status as fiancée became invaluable, as it meant she could visit Bonhoeffer and correspond with him. While their relationship was troubled, she was a source of food and smuggled messages. The communication and visitation with his fiance provided Bonhoeffer with support and motivation to continue living and fighting while in prison.

Rachel Carson

Early Life and Education

At the Pennsylvania College for Women (today known as Chatham University), as in high school, Carson was somewhat of a loner. '''Her limited social life may have been due to her shy personality. It also may have been due to her avoidance of social events and her mother's frequent visitations to the college. She originally studied English, but during her sophmore year she found herself more and more interested in science, and despite many reserves about the difficulty the field of science provided for women, she''' switched her major to biology in January 1928, though she continued contributing to the school's student newspaper and literary supplement.

The edge of the sea and transition to conservation work

Early in 1957, family tragedy struck a third time when one of the nieces she had cared for in the 1940s died at the age of 31, leaving a five-year-old orphan son, Roger Christie. Carson took on that responsibility, adopting the boy, alongside caring for her aging mother. '''Tragedy struck again when Carson's mother died in December 1958. (these two events)This took a considerable toll on Carson although her introverted personality kept her from expressing her grief to mostly everyone.'''. She moved to Silver Spring, Maryland, to care for Roger, and much of 1957 was spent putting their new living situation in order and focusing on specific environmental threats.[28]

Shackleton Exercise, Rebeca Dominguez
Contributing to section: The Imperial Trans-Atlantic Expedition. Preparations. (End of second paragraph)

Original Paragraph from Shackleton Article:

His interviewing and selection methods sometimes seemed eccentric; believing that character and temperament were as important as technical ability, he asked unconventional questions. Thus physicist Reginald James was asked if he could sing; others were accepted on sight because Shackleton liked the look of them, or after the briefest of interrogations. Shackleton also loosened some traditional hierarchies, expecting all men, including the scientists, to take their share of ship's chores.

I want to change it to:

His interviewing and selection methods sometimes seemed eccentric; believing that character and temperament were as important as technical ability, he asked unconventional questions. Thus physicist Reginald James was asked if he could sing; others were accepted on sight because Shackleton liked the look of them, or after the briefest of interrogations. '''Shackleton also loosened some traditional hierarchies to promote camaraderie, such as distributing the ship's chores equally among officers, scientists, and seamen. He also socialized with his crew members every evening after dinner, leading sing-alongs, jokes, and games.'''

Lincoln Exercise, Rebeca Dominguez
Contributing to section: Marriage and Children

According to some sources, Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he first moved to New Salem; these sources indicate that by 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged. She died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever. '''Lincoln was devastated by her death to the point of depression. His friends, Bowling and Nancy Green looked after him for a few months until he recovered emotional stability.''' In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky.

Douglass Exercise, Rebeca Dominguez
Contributing to section: Abolitionist and preacher

At another meeting, Douglass was unexpectedly invited to speak. After telling his story, Douglass was encouraged to become an anti-slavery lecturer. A few days later Douglass spoke at the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society's annual convention in Nantucket. Then 23 years old, Douglass conquered his nervousness and gave an eloquent speech about his rough life as a slave. '''The expansion of Douglass' career distanced him from wife Anna. She devoted her time to her home and children while Douglass immersed himself in the world of politics.'''

Contributing to section: Return to the United States

After returning to the U.S. in 1847, Douglass started publishing his first abolitionist newspaper, the North Star, from the basement of the Memorial AME Zion Church in Rochester, New York. The North Star's motto was "Right is of no Sex – Truth is of no Color – God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren." The AME Church and North Star vigorously opposed the mostly white American Colonization Society and its proposal to send blacks back to Africa. This and Douglass's later abolitionist newspapers were mainly funded by English supporters, who gave Douglass five hundred pounds to use as he chose. '''The North Star provided Douglass financial and domestic stability. By the 1850's he and his wife Anna settled in a comfortable house with their five children.' Douglass also soon split with Garrison, perhaps because the North Star competed with Garrison's National Anti-Slavery Standard and Marius Robinson's Anti-Slavery Bugle''.

Contributing to section: Return to the United States (add at the end of section)

'''Besides operating the North Star and delivering speeches, Douglass also helped the Underground Railroad. He and his wife provided lodging and resources in their home to more than four hundred fugitive slaves'''.

Bonhoeffer Exercise, Rebeca Dominguez
Contributing to section: Childhood and family

His father was psychiatrist and neurologist Karl Bonhoeffer, noted for his criticism of Sigmund Freud, and his mother Paula Bonhoeffer, née von Hase, was a teacher and the granddaughter of Protestant theologian Karl von Hase and painter Stanislaus Kalckreuth. The Bonhoeffer family educated their children at home instilling in them the Christian faith and the religious values of selflessness, thoughtfulness, and self-control, which were vital for their future resistance to the Nazi regime.

Carson Exercise, Rebeca Dominguez
Contributing to the section: Early life and education

At the Pennsylvania College for Women (today known as Chatham University), as in high school, Carson was somewhat of a loner. She originally studied English, but switched her major to biology in January 1928, though she continued contributing to the school's student newspaper and literary supplement. Though admitted to graduate standing at Johns Hopkins University in 1928, she was forced to remain at the Pennsylvania College for Women for her senior year due to financial difficulties; she graduated magna cum laude in 1929. '''Carson earned a summer fellowship at Marine Biological Laboratory where she saw the ocean for the first time. This experience introduced her to marine life and inspired her later work. After her''' summer course at the Marine Biological Laboratory, she continued her studies in zoology and genetics at Johns Hopkins in the fall of 1929.

McKelvie McMurry
I added in a sentence about how Shackleton's ability to keep up his crews moral was important.

Ernest Shackleton - Discovery (2nd Paragraph)
Shackleton's particular duties were listed as: "In charge of seawater analysis. Ward-room caterer. In charge of holds, stores and provisions […] He also arranges the entertainments. This skill would prove vital in his last expedition when keeping up his crew's moral.

I added in a sentence about Mary Lincoln's impact as the first lady of the United States.

Mary Todd Lincoln - White House Years (2nd Paragraph)
Considered a "westerner" although she had grown up in the more refined Upper South city of Lexington, Mary worked hard to serve as her husband's First Lady in Washington, D.C., a political center dominated by eastern culture. The title First Lady was created in reference to Mary as she worked hard to be a respectable woman in the White House. Lincoln was regarded as the first "western" president, and critics described Mary's manners as coarse and pretentious.

I added a sentence about Lucretia Auld's impact on Fredrick Douglass.

Fredrick Douglass - Life As A Slave (4th Paragraph)
Douglass's mother died when he was about ten. After Anthony died, Douglass was given to Lucretia Auld, wife of Thomas Auld, who sent him to serve Thomas' brother Hugh Auld in Baltimore. '''Lucretia Auld was essential in creating who Douglass was as she shaped his experiences. She had a special interest in Douglass from the time he was a child and wanted to give him a better life. Douglas felt that he was''' lucky to be in the city, where he said slaves were almost freemen, compared to those on plantations.

I added a sentence about how Bonhoeffer's family dynamic help him achieve his goals.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer - Childhood and Family life (1st Paragraph)
His father was psychiatrist and neurologist Karl Bonhoeffer, noted for his criticism of Sigmund Freud, and his mother Paula Bonhoeffer, née von Hase, was a teacher and the granddaughter of Protestant theologian Karl von Hase and painter Stanislaus Kalckreuth. Bonhoeffer's family dynamic and his parents values enabled him to receive a high level of education and also encouraged his curiosity, which in turn impacted his ability to lead others around him, specifically in the church setting.

I added a sentence about Rachel Carson's loner mentality.

Rachel Carson - Early Life & Education (2nd paragraph)
At the Pennsylvania College for Women (today known as Chatham University), as in high school, Carson was somewhat of a loner. '''Her mother frequently visited Carson at college, somewhat allowing Carson to be a loner. Carson avoided most social interactions outside of the classroom and this shyness or isolationist mentality lasted her entire life.'''

Alysha Michaelson
Shackleton Exercise
 * Under preparations for the Imperial Trans-Antartic Expedition

His interviewing and selection methods sometimes seemed eccentric; believing that character and temperament were as important as technical ability, he asked unconventional questions. Some of these characteristics he looked for was cheerfulness, if they had a sense of humor, and if they were optimistic.

Lincoln Exercise
 * Assassination

Lincoln's flag-enfolded body was then escorted in the rain to the White House by bareheaded Union officers, while the city's church bells rang. Lincoln was the first president to be killed in office. President Johnson was sworn in at 10:00 am, less than 3 hours after Lincoln's death.

Douglass Exercise
 * Life as a slave

Change: He whipped Douglass regularly, and nearly broke him psychologically.

To: '''He whipped Douglass regularly to where his wounds had little time to heal. Being whipped so often and the plantation like work Covey put Douglass into a depression. Douglass said the discipline broke his body, soul, and spirit.'''

Bonhoeffer Exercise
 * Imprisonment

For a year and a half, Bonhoeffer was imprisoned at Tegel military prison awaiting trial. There he continued his work in religious outreach among his fellow prisoners and guards. Sympathetic guards helped smuggle his letters out of prison to Eberhard Bethge and others, and these uncensored letters were posthumously published in Letters and Papers from Prison. '''Among those letters between Bonhoeffer and Maria they would discuss wedding plans, setting up a household, places they would travel, and individual pursuits they hoped to share together with each other.  One of those guards that helped was''' a corporal named Knobloch, even offered to help him escape from the prison and "disappear" with him, and plans were made for that end. But Bonhoeffer declined it, fearing Nazi retribution against his family, especially his brother Klaus and brother-in-law Hans von Dohnányi, who were also imprisoned.

Carson Exersice
 * Silent Spring
 * Research and writing

Most of the research and writing was done by the fall of 1960, except for the discussion of recent research on biological pest controls and investigations of a handful of new pesticides. However, further health troubles slowed the final revisions in 1961 and early 1962. . '''During this time while writing the book Carson had to hide her illness so that the pesticide companies couldn't use it against her. She worried that if the companies knew it would give them additional ammunition to make her book look trustworthy and biased'''.

Shackleton Exercise, Erin Hall
Section - Legacy: Later

Sources - Forged In Crisis

Within a few years, he was thoroughly overtaken in public esteem by Shackleton, whose popularity surged while that of his erstwhile rival declined. In 2002, in a BBC poll conducted to determine the "100 Greatest Britons", Shackleton was ranked 11th while Scott was down in 54th place. '''One could speculate that this reversal of recognition would greatly satisfy Shackleton's obvious thirst for glory. Nancy Koehn wrote in her book, Forged In Crisis: The Making of Five Courageous Leaders, "he sought a pathway to fame, fortune, and social status," and he came to see the National Antarctic Expedition as that pathway.'''

Lincoln Exercise, Erin Hall
Section - Family & Childhood: Early Life

Sources - Forged in Crisis

After the family relocated to Illinois, Abraham became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part because of his father's lack of education, although occasionally lending him money. '''After suffering through the deaths of his mother, sister, and brother, Abraham was left with a single member of his immediate biological family, his father. Upon receiving news of Thomas' impending death in 1851, Abraham made the choice to remain in Springfield with his family rather than visiting his father. He also abstained from attending Thomas' funeral. Apart from his stepmother and step siblings, Abraham became the only surviving Lincoln.''' In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham left home. He lived in New Salem for six years. Lincoln and some friends took goods by flatboat to New Orleans, where he witnessed slavery firsthand.

Douglass Exercise, Erin Hall
Section - Life as a slave

Sources - Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

In 1833, Thomas Auld took Douglass back from Hugh ("[a]s a means of punishing Hugh," Douglass later wrote). Thomas Auld sent Douglass to work for Edward Covey, a poor farmer who had a reputation as a "slave-breaker". He whipped Douglass regularly, and nearly broke him psychologically. The sixteen-year-old Douglass finally rebelled against the beatings, however, and fought back. After Douglass won a physical confrontation, Covey never tried to beat him again. 'Douglass recounts his dynamic experience at Covey's farm in his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave''. His will to hope, to read, and to live being torn away by Covey's physical and psychological beatings, Douglass describes himself as "a man transformed into a brute!" Just as this degradation affected his being deeply, Douglass comes to understand his physical encounter with Covey as a transformation towards life and freedom. He introduces the story of the fight with this sentence: "You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man."'''

Bonhoeffer Exercise, Erin Hall
Section - Imprisonment

Sources - Forged In Crisis

On 13 January 1943, Bonhoeffer had become engaged to Maria von Wedemeyer, the granddaughter of his close friend and Finkenwalde seminary supporter, Ruth von Kleist Retzow. Ruth had campaigned for this marriage for several years, although up until late October 1942, Bonhoeffer remained a reluctant suitor despite Ruth being part of his innermost circle.[36] A large age gap loomed between Bonhoeffer and Maria: he was 36 to her 18. The two also spent almost no time alone together prior to the engagement and did not see each other between becoming engaged and Bonhoeffer's 5 April arrest. Once he was in prison, however, Maria's status as fiancée became invaluable, as it meant she could visit Bonhoeffer and correspond with him. While their relationship was troubled,[37] she was a source of food and smuggled messages.[38] Bonhoeffer made Eberhard Bethge his heir, but Maria, in allowing her correspondence with Bonhoeffer to be published after her death, provided an invaluable addition to the scholarship.

'''April 5, 1943 was a horrific day for the Bonhoeffer family. Hans von Dohnanyi and his wife Christine (Dietrich's brother-in-law and sister) were arrested and imprisoned by two Nazi officials. Later that day, the same men entered the Bonhoeffer family home and arrested Dietrich Bonhoeffer. The officials had no proper warrant for Bonhoeffer's arrest, but he relented to their orders peacefully.''' For a year and a half, Bonhoeffer was imprisoned at Tegel military prison awaiting trial. There he continued his work in religious outreach among his fellow prisoners and guards. Sympathetic guards helped smuggle his letters out of prison to Eberhard Bethge and others, and these uncensored letters were posthumously published in Letters and Papers from Prison. One of those guards, a corporal named Knobloch, even offered to help him escape from the prison and "disappear" with him, and plans were made for that end. But Bonhoeffer declined it, fearing Nazi retribution against his family, especially his brother Klaus and brother-in-law Hans von Dohnányi, who were also imprisoned.[39]

Carson Exercise, Erin Hall
Section - The edge of the sea and transition to conservation work

Sources - Rachel Carson: witness for nature

Early in 1957, family tragedy struck a third time when one of the nieces she had cared for in the 1940s died at the age of 31, leaving a five-year-old orphan son, Roger Christie. '''Rachel doubted her ability to raise Roger. She wrote to Dorothy, "Somehow I feel terribly alone with my problems, as I suppose I must inevitably be. And sometimes I even have a panicky feeling that I can't go through with it, but then I see again that there is no gate in the wall; there is no alternative." Despite great anxiety Rachel Carson took on extreme responsibility once again.''' This took a considerable toll on Carson. She moved to Silver Spring, Maryland, to care for Roger and her aging mother, and much of 1957 was spent putting their new living situation in order and focusing on specific environmental threats.[28]

Toni Ervin
Shackleton Exercise
 * Under preparations for the Imperial Trans-Antartic Expedition

Shackleton published details of his new expedition, grandly titled the "Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition", early in 1914.There is a legend that says Shackleton's newspaper article was written a certain way so that he could better narrow down and select candidates for his expedition. Two ships would be employed; Endurance would carry the main party into the Weddell Sea, aiming for Vahsel Bay from where a team of six, led by Shackleton, would begin the crossing of the continent.

Lincon Exercise
 * Under Early life for Family and Childhood

Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, as the second child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.[7]:20–22 Abraham from a young age would help bring in materials such as wood and water while also helping with the garden. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638.

Frederick Douglass Exercise
 * Under Life as a Slave

The exact date of his birth is unknown, however he was born early in 1818 and he later chose to celebrate his birthday on February 14.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer Exercise
 * Under Early Life then Childhood and Family

His father,who came from a line of doctors, lawyers, and clergy family members, was psychiatrist and neurologist Karl Bonhoeffer, noted for his criticism of Sigmund Freud, and his mother Paula Bonhoeffer, née von Hase, was a teacher and the granddaughter of Protestant theologian Karl von Hase and painter Stanislaus Kalckreuth.

Rachel Carson Exercise
 * Under Life and Work then under Early life and education

Rachel Carson was born on May 27, 1907, on a family farm near Springdale, Pennsylvania, sixteen miles northeast of Pittsburgh, just up the Allegheny River from Pittsburgh.

 Ernest Shackleton- Serina Weathers Edit 

= Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1914-17 = '''Shackleton published details of his new expedition, grandly titled the "Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition", early in 1914. Two ships would be employed; Endurance would carry the main party into the Weddell Sea, aiming for Vahsel Bay from where a team of six, led by Shackleton, would begin the crossing of the continent. Meanwhile, a second ship, the Aurora, would take a supporting party under Captain Aeneas Mackintosh to McMurdo Sound on the opposite side of the continent.'''

edit: Shackleton published the details of his newest expedition, titled as the "Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition", in early 1914. There were two ships employed the; Endurance which would carry the main party into the Weddell Sea, aiming for Vahsel Bay, where a team of six being led by Shackleton, would disembark and begin crossing the continent, Then the Second ship, the Aurora, took the supporting party led by Captain Aeneas Mackintosh to McMurdo Sound on the opposite side of Antarctica.

 Abraham Lincoln- Serina Weathers Edit 

= Secession and Inauguration = '''Lincoln did tacitly support the proposed Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress before Lincoln came into office and was then awaiting ratification by the states. That proposed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed.'''

edit: Lincoln did implicitly support the Corwin Amendment, which would have protected slavery in states where it was already present, to the constitution, which had passed in congress prior to Lincoln coming into office and was awaiting ratification by the states.

 Frederick Douglass- Serina Weathers Edit 

= Reconstruction Era = '''Starting 10 years after the end of the war, Democrats regained political power in every state of the former Confederacy and began to reassert white supremacy. They enforced this by a combination of violence, late 19th-century laws imposing segregation and a concerted effort to disfranchiseAfrican Americans. New labor and criminal laws also limited their freedom.'''

edit: 10 years post-civil war, the Democrats regained political power in all states of former Confederacy and began to reassert white supremacy, they enforced this with a combination of violence, late 19th century laws imposing segregation, an effort to disenfranchise African Americans, and the new labor and criminal laws limiting their freedom.

 Dietrich Bonhoeffer- Serina Weathers Edit 

= Underground Seminaries = In 1935, Bonhoeffer was presented with a much-sought-after opportunity to study non-violent resistance under Gandhi in his ashram, but, perhaps remembering Barth's rebuke, decided to return to Germany in order to head an underground seminary in Finkenwalde for training Confessing Church pastors.

Edit: In 1935, Bonhoeffer was offered a well-sought-after opportunity to study non-violent resistance under Gandhi in is ashram, remembering Barth's rebuke, Bonhoeffer decided to return to Germany where he was the head at an underground seminary in Finkenwalde for training confessing church pastors.

 Rachel Carson- Serina Weathers Edit 

= The Edge of the Sea and Transition to Conservation Work = '''Early in 1957, family tragedy struck a third time when one of the nieces she had cared for in the 1940s died at the age of 31, leaving a five-year-old orphan son, Roger Christie. Carson took on that responsibility, adopting the boy, alongside caring for her aging mother. This took a considerable toll on Carson. She moved to Silver Spring, Maryland, to care for Roger, and much of 1957 was spent putting their new living situation in order and focusing on specific environmental threats.'''

Edit: In early 1957, a family tragedy struck for a third time when one of her nieces she had cared for the 1940's passed away at the age of 31, leaving her 5 year old son, Roger Christie an orphan. Carson took on the responsibility of Roger Christie when she adopted him, alongside caring for her aging mother. Carson moved to Silver Spring, Maryland to care for Roger, and much of 1957 was spent putting together a new living situation and studying on specific environmental threats.