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Gladys Amelia Anslow (May 22, 1892 – March 31, 1969) was an American physicist who spent her career at Smith College.

Born in Springfield, Massachusetts, Anslow attended Springfield Central High School and entered Smith College in 1909. She earned her A.B. in 1914 after studying physics beginning her second year under Frank Allan Waterman. Following graduation, she was hired as a demonstrator (1914–15) and then an assistant (1915–17) in physics and took advanced physics courses, including one in spectroscopy by Janet T. Howell. In 1916 she began her graduate studies under Howell using a new Rowland grating spectrograph acquired by Smith College to research the emission spectra of radium, resulting in her thesis "Spectroscopic Evidence for the Electron Theory of Matter". She graduated in 1917 with her A.M. Following her graduation, she was appointed instructor in physics to replace Howell. She then obtained a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1924 after which she was named an associate professor at Smith and full professor in 1936.

The first woman to work with the cyclotron at UC Berkeley, she worked with fellow Smith physicist Dorothy Wrinch on a "spectrochemical study of protein molecules for the eventual production of synthetic foods and drugs" under a grant from the Office of Naval Research, the first research grant of its time at Smith College. During World War II, Anslow was named Chief of Communications and Information Section for Liaison with Civilian Scientists and attached to the armed forces. For this, she was awarded the President's Certificate of Merit for service during World War II, one of only three educators to do so.

She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1955 and was a fellow of the American Academy for the Advancement of Science and the American Physical Society, where she was the president of the New England Section.