User:Briannestarr96/sandbox

Cultural leveling is the process by which different cultures approach each other as a result of travel and communication. Cultural leveling within the United States has been driven by mass market media such as radio and television broadcasting and nationwide distribution of magazines and catalogs.

http://www.sociologyguide.com/socio-short-notes/cultural-leveling.php ;

The globalization of capitalism brings with it both technology and Western culture.

Japan, for example, has adopted not only capitalism but also Western forms of dress and music, transforming it into a blend of Western and Eastern cultures.

Although the bridging of geography, time, and culture by electronic signals and the exportation of Western icons do not in and of themselves mark the end of traditional cultures, the inevitable result is some degree of cultural leveling.

Travel and communication bridge time and space to such an extent that there is almost no "other side of the world" anymore.

It occurs when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar to each other, Walmarts, fast food chains etc.

how does cultural diffusion lead to cultural leveling?

Cultural diffusion (add citation/ link to cultural diffusion page) is a change process where the values and cultural constructs of one group are passed to another group. Cultural leveling refers to the process by which cultures lose their identity and become similar to one another. The exchange of unique cultural constructs eventually leads to cultural leveling by creating pressure to change.

https://zenit.org/articles/relativism-cultural-leveling-seen-as-double-danger/ ;

Relativism, Cultural Leveling Seen as Double Danger (heading in wiki)(but reword to avoid plagarism)

Relativism might enable diverse cultures to coexist, but it undercuts dialogue. On the other hand, cultural leveling eliminates the differences that make a people unique. (put into own words)

“more underhand than indifference and intolerance, represents a major obstacle to dialogue between cultures. On the social plane, if cultural relativism has the effect that cultural groups coexist side by side, nevertheless it doesn’t enable an authentic dialogue.

“However, there’s another danger: that of cultural leveling which results in the standardization of behaviors and lifestyles and the loss of profound significance of cultures of different nations and of the traditions of the various peoples.

The complexity of »globalization«, the »transnationality of peoples, places and cultures (title)

which in the »personal interconnectedness between the local and the global are getting increasingly opaque«,1 is what we are confronted with today

containing comparisons of cultures and places and reflections on the way and pace in which in which cultural leveling was progressing within a global perspective (84)

Der Querschnitt (heading)

This big village which is called the world« 83

between 1921 and 1923 the journal was first published as Marginalien der Galer then in a newly founded Querschnitt- Verlag; from 1924 to 1933 it appeared in the Berlin Propyläenverlag and from 1934 to 1936 in the Karl Wolff-Verlag and the Steglitzer Verlag. Mainly during the golden years of the Querschnitt from 1924 to 1929, when it was edited by Hermann von Weddderkop. (83)

The point of interest lies in the documentary value of many articles containing comparisons of cultures and places and reflections on the way and pace in which cultural leveling was progressing within a cultural perspective. (try to word in own words)  (84)

The concept of a leveling of culture is quite obvious in the Querschnitt. (86)

By the end of the twenties people at the lower and higher ends of the social scale danced to the same rhythms and listened to the same hit songs and radio programs. (86)

The Querschnitt - Cities and Regions: Global Cultural Leveling and a Changing Europe (title)

There is no doubt: The Querschnitt is not only a European journal, but also a cosmopolitan one.

on page 88 - Not only does the liberalism of the Querschmitt reveal a snobbish taste for contrasts and the picturesque.

It represents contemporary trends, older and newer. (my own words no citation needed)

It replaces high culture, with a popular new version of the high art of reality, the music of mass entertainment, jazz, and to a lesser extent the cinema. (88)

This rather trendy attitude goes so far to claim that boxing and jazz are the only interesting art forms of the modern age. (88)

The fashionable taste, especially for the new drug of "negro music" provides an interesting guide to the European metropolises, assessing their function of setting standards for what is new, stimulating and successful. (88)

There are differences mainly because in the twenties, modernity in cities and regions and the interchangeable aspects of modern life all around the world fascinated individuals and provided them with a brand new way of life. (own words)

Ledanff, S. (2004). »This big village which is called the world«. Metropolises and ›Globalization‹ in the Twenties in the Journal Der Querschnitt. KulturPoetik, 4(1), 82-103. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40621709

heading- Cultural Products in Balkan Countries

A Japanese journalist reports on fashions in Tokyo. The hairstyles which most of us know today were adopted from these styles.

The new Geisha hair cut, which is now a major Hollywood style, to the bubenkopf, commonly known as the “bob” both which create intriguing beauty. (add citation page 89)

Cities in the Balkans were undergoing overwhelming changes.

The whole region between Budapest and Istanbul presented the same picture: jazz bands, gramophones, Chaplin posters, international press (nudist magazines from Berlin, comics from Paris), taxis, symptoms of women’s emancipation in the Turkish- Levantine salons. (cite 89)

In the Balkans, mass produced goods are one aspect of global cultural leveling. Multicultural unreality of everyday life is another.

The reports stated that the chaotic co-existence of cultural products in the Balkan countries do not frighten the visitor.

It was concluded that one should let the people sort out the chaos os transnational influences that they are suddenly exposed to in the course of time. (89)

heading- national resistance against international modernization

Reports from cities such as Prague and Budapest showed odd mannerism and resistance toward modernization during a period of transition. (own words no citation needed)

Old European traditions, legends and monuments are deeply rooted in Prague.

Reports on Prague’s sense of national folklore or Budapest’s ambivalent modernity question how old continent cities handle cultural leveling. (90)

The German and foreign correspondents generally share the New Sobriety’s fascination with cultural leveling. (90)

America was consistently referred to as the cultural model of the future. The Querschnitt certainly takes a pro-American view.

Mass culture and technological modernity are typically adopted my large major cities however old traditions place a strain on some cities when it comes to adapting to new trends. (own word no cite)

Capital cities tend to imitate each during the spread of cultural modernity.

For example, in European capital cities, London was in the shadow of Berlin’s progressive modernity, while prior to that Berlin was in the shadow of Paris. (92)

NEW ARTICLE SEARCH

This phenomenon was further complicated by the fact that, in Asia and Africa especially, there was not just one local society. (add citation)

By virtue of administrative definitions of colonial territory, the political units that later became nations and provinces often included several populations that had previously been limited in contact. (citation)

For example, prior to colonization, the Indian subcontinent was made up of hundreds of sovereign states speaking dozens of languages. In other cases, the new boundaries now artificially divided a previously unified population into parts.

The world systems has brought this new form of complexity to the industrialized nations as well.

The rate of social change today, as well as the geographic reach of its effects, is unprecedented in human history.

People throughout the world are experiencing more intergroup unity and intergroup conflict.

Heading - Cultural leveling of restaurants

Cultural leveling-

In my own words, what is cultural leveling?

Cultural leveling is the process of which all cultures become more and more alike.

What is an example of this?

McDonalds started off as an American fast food chain now countries such as China have this American food chain as well.

As I contribute to the page of cultural leveling, I want to give a world wide analysis as to how technology and mass communication such a social media has played a major role in the rapid pace of cultural diffusion.

**** new ******

title - economic leveling process

Erich Auerbach at the end of his masterpiece, Mimesis, written in Istanbul during the Second World War, wrote: “Beneath the conflicts, and also through them, an economic and cultural leveling process is taking place. It is still a long way to a common life of mankind on earth, but the goal begins to be visible."

Half a century later one hesitates to describe the so called globalization that is taking place under our eyes as an “economic leveling process.” On the other hand, the “cultural leveling,” the erasure of cultural specificities, which Auerbach looked at with growing worry, is an unquestionable reality, although difficult to grasp.

In an essay published in 1952, Auerbach remarked that Goethe’s concept of Weltliteratur had become increasingly inadequate, explaining the difficulty of a philologist from a single cultural tradition to be able to approach a world in which so many languages and so many cultural traditions interact.

Auerbach believed that one has to look for starting points, for concrete details from which the global process can be inductively reconstructed.

The ongoing unification of the world, Auerbach wrote in the conclusion of Mimesis, “is most concretely visible now in the unprejudiced, precise, interior and exterior representation of the random moment in the lives of different people.”

Religion-

A number of theoretical strategies have been used to both explain and interpret religion and its role in society. But, in this age of globalization and consequent cultural leveling, no discussion of theory of religion would be complete if it failed to address the impact of broader cultural change on religions and the individuals who embrace them. (cite)

For Marx, in the words of Brian Morris, believed that "religion was, in a sense, a secondary phenomenon and depended on socioeconomic circumstances. It could only be overcome, therefore, when the circumstances that gave rise to religion were themselves transformed' (1987: 33).

A. R. Radcliffe-Brown (1952) considered religion a sort of storehouse for the mores and ethics conducive to a well-functioning society. Thus, religion, or more specifically ritual, embodies truth and meaning, and the individual's role is merely one of assimilating the existing belief system. Religion and society both are institutions in the grandest sense of the term and are not vulnerable to the exigencies of everyday life.

Religion, has always been a rich source of cultural change and disruption. (no cite needed own words)

Turner realized that the transformative power of liminality lies precisely in the fact that it falls outside or, more precisely, between well-defined social boundaries. In the interstices of structure and law, a sort of social anarchy prevails. It is the possibility that this anarchy, or at least certain aspects of it, may become normalized that provides a perpetual source of social change.

Peer Review
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