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= Mary Marzke =

Early Life and Education
Mary Marzke was born in Oakland, California. While in middle school and high school, ski trips with her family friends the McCowns sparked an interest in anthropology as both Professor and Mrs. McCown were physical anthropologists. Professor McCown later went on to serve as one of her Ph.D. supervisors. In 1959, she graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with an A.B. in Anthropology. Following this, she attained her M.A. in anthropology from Columbia University in New York in 1961. Marzke returned to the University of California, Berkeley to earn her Ph.D. in anthropology, completing it in 1964. Her Ph.D. supervisors at the University of California, Berkeley were Professors Theodore McCown and Sherwood Washburn.

Career
Markze began her teaching career by lecturing, then instructing at Hunter Brown College (now Lehman college) in 1963. She then lectured at the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) from 1967 to 1969. The following decade, she worked as an acting assistant professor at the University of California from 1976-1977. In 1978, she began working at the Arizona State University, first as an adjunct visiting professor. Markze has worked at ASU since then, with a 9 year break from 1986 to 1995 when she worked as an anatomist at the Primate Foundation of Arizona. Markze has been a full-time professor at ASU since 2004, most recently teaching courses on primate anatomy and fossil hominins.

Apart from teaching, Markze has done an extensive amount of research throughout her career, specifically on the “comparative functional and evolutionary morphology of primates, paleoanthropology, growth and development of the chimpanzee.” With a “special focus on the evolution of the hominin hand and bipedality.” To conduct her research, Markze uses “extensive dissections, electromyography, kinematic analysis of joint angle displacement and tendon excursion, and stereophotogrammetry and laser digitizing for 3-D analysis of joint surface areas, angles and curvatures.”

Throughout her research, Markze has made a number of discoveries. Among the most notable is her discovery of the links between precision gripping, tool behaviors, and hand morphology in 1997. Markze used experimental manufacturing of prehistoric hominin tools, behavior studies of chimpanzees, and morphological analyzation. Through her research, Markze has provided clues to help discern which pre-modern human species used tool-making.

In 2000, Markze conducted a morphological and biomechanical analyzation of the early hominin ancestor hand found at Olduvai Gorge. Markze’s analyzation provided clues “to the potential of fossil hominid hands for one-handed firm precision grips and fine precision manoeuvering movements, both of which are essential for habitual and effective tool making and tool use.” In 2008, Markze collaborated to conduct molecular research, concluding that “further derived changes to the hands of other hominins such as modern humans and Neandertals did not evolve until after 2.5 Ma and possibly even later than 1.5 Ma.”

List of all Publications
1971	Marzke, M.W., Origin of the human hand. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 34:61-84.

1983	Marzke, M.W., Joint functions and grips of the Australopithecus afarensis hand, with special reference to the region of the capitate. Journal of Human Evolution 12:197-211.

1984	Marzke, M.W. and Merbs, C.F., Evidence of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in a chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes. Journal of Medical Primatology 13:135-145.

1986	Marzke, M.W., Tool use and the evolution of hominid hands and bipedality. In J.G. Else and P.C. Lee (eds):  Primate Evolution. London: Cambridge University Press, pp. 203-209.

1987	Marzke, M.W. and Marzke, R.F., The third metacarpal styloid process in humans:  Origin and functions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 73:415-431.

1987	Marzke, M.W. and Shackley, M.S., Hominid hand use in the Pliocene and Pleistocene:  evidence from experimental archaeology and comparative morphology. Journal of Human Evolution 15:439-460.

1988	Marzke, M.W., Longhill, J., and Rasmussen, S.A., Gluteus maximus function and the origin of hominid bipedality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77:519-528.

1992	Marzke, M.W., Evolutionary development of the human thumb. In P.R. Manske (ed.):  Hand Clinics and Thumb Reconstructions Vol. 8, pp. 1-8.

1992	Marzke, M.W., Wullstein, K.L., and Viegas, S.F., 	Evolution of the power (squeeze) grip and its morphological correlates in hominids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89:283-298.

1994	Marzke, M.W., Wullstein, K.L., and Viegas, S.F., Variability at the carpometacarpal and midcarpal joints involving the fourth metacarpal, hamate and lunate in catarrhini. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93:229-240.

1995	Marzke, M.W., Marzke, R.F., Linscheid, R.L., and An, K-A., Evolutionary perspectives on human thumb/index finger biomechanics relating to precision gripping. Proceedings of the Second Triennial International Hand and Wrist Biomechanics Symposium. Rochester, Minnesota, Mayo Clinic, pp. 68-69.

1996	Marzke, M.W., and Wullstein, K.L., Chimpanzee and human grips: A new classification with a focus on evolutionary morphology. International Journal of Primatology 17:117-139.

1996	Marzke, M.W., Young, D., and Fritz, J., Weight gain in captive chimpanzee infants: Comparisons by sex, rearing, and colony. American Journal of Primatology 38:133-144.

1996	Marzke, M.W., Young, D.L., Hawkey, D.E., Su, S.M., Fritz, J., and Alford, P.L., Comparative analysis of weight gain, hand/wrist maturation and dental emergence rates in chimpanzees aged 0-24 months from varying captive environments. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 99:175-190.

1997	Marzke, M.W., Precision grips, hand morphology and tools. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102:91-110.

1998	Marzke, M.W., Toth, N., Schick, K., Reece, S., Steinberg, B., Hunt, K., Linscheid, R.L., and An, K-N. EMG study of hand muscle recruitment during hard hammer percussion manufacture of Oldowan tools. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105:315-332.

1998	Marzke, M.W. Evolution of the hominid hand and tool making behavior. Reply .American. Journal of Physical Anthropololgy 106:402-404.

1999	Marzke MW, Marzke RF, Linscheid RL, Smutz P, Steinberg B, Reece S, An K-N, Chimpanzee muscle cross sections, moment arms and potential torques, and comparisons with humans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110:163-178.

2000	Marzke M.W. and Marzke RF, Evolution of the human hand: Approaches to acquiring, analyzing and interpreting the anatomical evidence. Journal of Anatomy 197, Part 1: 121-140.

2002	Marzke M.W. (2002) Book Review, The Psychobiology of the Hand, Edited by Kevin J. Connolly (1998). London: Mac Keith Press. Distributed by Cambridge University Press

Marzke M.W., Review of Bones: Structure and Mechanics. By John D. Currey.

American Journal of Human Biology 25: 464-465.

2006	Marzke MW, Shrewsbury MM The Oreopithecus thumb: pitfalls in reconstructing muscle and ligament attachments from fossil bones. Journal of Human Evolution.

2007	Marzke, M.W., Shrewsbury,  M.M. and Horner KE. Middle phalanx skeletal morphology in the hand: Can it predict flexor tendon size and attachments? American  Journal of Physical Anthropology134: 141-151.

2009	Marzke Mary W. Upper-limb evolution and development. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 91:26-30.

2009	Marzke, Mary W., Pouydebat, Emmanuelle. Comments on E. Pouydebat, P. Gorce, Y. Coppens, V. Bels, 2009, Biomechanical study of grasping according to the volume of the object: Human versus non-human primates. Journal of Biomechanics 42:266-272.

2009	Marzke, M.W., Pouydebat, E., Laurin, M., Gorce, P., Bels, A. 2009. A clarification of Pouydebat et al., 2008, Evolution of grasping among anthropoids. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22:2554-2557.

2010	Marzke, M.W., Tocheri, M.W., Steinberg, B., Femiani, J.D., Reece, S.P., Linscheid, R.L., Orr, C.M., Marzke, R.F. Comparative 3D quantitative analyses of trapeziometacarpal joint surface curvatures among living catarrhines and fossil hominins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 141:38-51.

2012	Marzke, Mary W, Tocheri, Matt W, Marzke, Robert F, and Femiani John D. Three-dimensional quantitative comparative analysis of trapezial-metacarpal joint surface curvatures in human populations. Journal of Hand Surgery 37:72-76.

2013	Marzke, Mary W. Tool making, hand morphology and fossil hominins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 368:20120414.

2015	Marzke, Mary W., Marchant Linda F., McGrew William C., and Reece, Sandra P. Grips and hand movements of chimpanzees during feeding in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156: 317-326.

2018	Marzke, Mary. Manipulation in The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology, Wenda Trevathan (ed). John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Research
On top of her success in research, Marke has received a number of research awards and grants throughout her career, including 5 from the National Science Foundation in 1984, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2006. She has also received grants from the L.S.B. Leakey foundation and ASU.

2006	National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant: Three dimensional 				morphometrics and kinematics of the anthropoid wrist and the evolution of knuckle-				walking in the Hominidae

2003	National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant: A Comparative Study of the Hand and Wrist in Cebus apella and Saimirisciureus.

2000      National Science Foundation IGERT Grant (co-PI, 5 years, $2.7 M)

1999      National Science Foundation 3D Knowledge Distributed Environments Grant (co-PI), 3 years, $2.1M. No-cost extension through July, 2003.

1999      Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Grant for Muscle Function Equipment

1998      Arizona State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Interdisciplinary Fellowship

1996     Funds from the Arizona State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and from the Department of Anthropology for stereophotogrammetry equipment

1990   ASU College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Mini-grant for investigation into intra-species variability in primate hands

1989     Arizona State University Faculty Grant-in-Aid for research on hand structure and tool use in fossil hominins

1984	Arizona State University Research Fund:  $6600 for the evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging for inertial and anthropometric measurement (P. Martin, M. Marzke, and S. Chen)

1984	Northern Arizona University Organized Research Fund:  for the kinesiological analysis of hip extensor musculature in relation to human bipedality (S. Rasmussen and M. Marzke)

1984	National Science Foundation travel grant, for presentation of a paper at the meeting of the International Primatology Society in Nairobi, Kenya.

1983	Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, ASU: $3763 for MRI research (with R.F. Marzke)

1982	L.S.B. Leakey Foundation grant for research on the functional morphology of primate hand joints