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Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order
Austro- Hungarian Empire

In 1867 the Austrian Empire became the Austro- Hungarian Empire. The Constitution of "dual monarchy" gave recognition to Hungary and also set up a parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility. The emperor, Francis Joseph, ignored the idea. He appointed and dismissed his own ministers and issued laws when the parliament was not in session. He still remained troubled by conflicts among its ethnic group. German minority now governed the empire and continued to feel increasingly threatened by Czechs, poles, and other slavie groups. The Czechs, Polish, and salvie reps in the imperial parliament continually made speeches demanding their own states, but unlike Austria, Hungary had a parliament that worked. Their parliament was controlled by ma.. Landowners who dominated the peasants and ethnic minority groups. Emperor Francis Joseph no longer has any say in the internal Hungarian affairs. The act of parliament then became an effective law.

Russia