User:Britlari/sandbox

= Animal Domestication and Management in the Philippines =

Goat
Goats were believed to be introduced into the Philippines as cargo from Islamic or early traders and established into domestic contexts by Spanish contact before the fifteenth century A.D. Goats had a variety of uses throughout the Philippines, some examples of places where goats were used  include; Mindanao, Visayas, and Palawan. Goats were used as prestige gifts and were apart of ritual feasts in chiefly societies. There is evidence that goats were consumed in Moros, where as in the Visayas, humans did not eat goat or consume their milk products. After Spanish contact, there was an increase of use in goats for trade and food. In Mindanao, it was very common for goats to be used as trade.

Dog
The first animal to be domesticated in the Philippines was the dog, Canis familiaris. The arrival of dogs in the Philippines were brought by some of the earliest colonists coming into the Philippine Archipelago. There have been a differential treatment of dogs within each community in the Philippines; some are free to roam around structures and villages, while in traditional contemporary societies, dogs are consumed. In Nagsabaran, a site in Cagayan, Northern Luzon Philippines, there is archaeological evidence for multiple uses of dog in Philippine societies. In one pit, found within the same stratigraphic area as humans, there is evidence of butchery due to the numerous amounts of cut marks on remains. In proper and deliberate dog burials, there is evidence of humans having an emotional tie or a special relation relationship to this animal because of their important use in the Philippine society. These dogs served as a utilitarian purpose and were used as a guard, for hunting, or for any other utilitarian purpose. In other cases, dogs were bred as consumption for funerals, marriages, or any other celebrations.

Fish
Fish were an important in the Philippine economy and an important resource to rituals in prehispanic Philippine societies. The main sources of fish in the Philippines came from three major habitats; fresh water, marine inshore waters and marine offshore waters. For each of these waters:


 * Fresh water: hook and line, traps, nets, or speared (mainly for the larger fish)


 * Marine inshore waters: hook and line, netting, or spearing
 * Marine offshore waters: caught using ancient fishing gear, a paddled or sailed dugout, fish corrals, spears, or hooks and lines

Some of the many fish that were caught include catfish, carp, snappers, mullets, sharks, rays, parrotfish, yellow fish tuna, and mackerel. In some villages, fishing was regulated and reserved for markets due to orders from chiefs. In the Boxer’s Codex, it explains how some protective gear and helmets were made using fish skins. Fish were also used as a sacrifice during rituals that involved pig slaughtering. In Manila, there is evidence of Tagalogs having used fish as sacrifices to anito spirits.

Deer
One of the largest wild animals available for exploitation in the Philippines. In lowland populations, deer were not involved in trading, rituals, or feasting up until after the seventeenth century A.D. For example, deer skin was used as a trading product between the Japanese. In the Visayas, there is evidence of deer being eating during banquets and special occasions. In Nagsabaran, deer was the second most amount of mammal faunal found on the site. The variety of teeth found indicates that deer of all ages were hunted on this site. Deer bones, mainly the lower limb portions,  were used to manufacture tools using a groove and snap technique. Deer faunal assemblages were higher in lower populations because they tended to withdraw from populated environments.