User:Brittanylwatson/sandbox2

Hantu Air
Source 1 :

https://search.proquest.com/docview/302268116?pq-origsite=primo

Notes:

- the nature spirits control the elements of nature and inhabit the sea, sky, land, rivers, hills, and forests

- the guardian spirits (closely related to the nature spirits) are spirits specific to certain hills and streams and are believed to be residents of that location.

- The nature and guardian spirits are neutral. The foundation of rituals is addressed by the relationship between the spirits and the villagers.

- based off the interaction of the spirit and villagers the spirits fall into two categories. 1. The malevolent ones include those which cause diseases. 2. the benevolent ones include the familiars which help the owners in their endeavors.

- in times of uncertainty or chance, man has to come to terms with various forms of spirits

- ex. the Malay fishermen who has the knowledge and equipment for fishing but is exposed to the dangers of forces beyond the fisherman's control when out at sea. Danger and risk is reduced with the proper negation of the spirits

- ex. poor fishing seasons in coastal villages = traditional ceremony to call on the spirits of the sea

- expert fishermen perform rituals as a form of humble communication with the sea spirits asking to guide them to locations with an abundance of fish

- supernatural concepts and practices represents a collection Malay folk beliefs to satisfy local and immediate needs of the society such as economic activity, health, and general welfare.

- people of Malay with the specialties of fishing, navigation, and sailing are called pawang dl-laut (pawang of the sea) wikipedia link - Pawang

- spells with magical powers and spirit raising properties are found in the Brahminical mantra which is used by the Malay shaman or pawang. There is an underlying notion that the pawang’s incantation is always magical. The magic is considered possible is a specific realm (the realm of magic) and coerces the supernatural powers to act so that one can achieve or obtain a desire.

- Old Indonesian civilization had the idea that man's well-being and success was dependent on the spirits which inhabited his environment

- the identification of incantations and rituals can be deriving from the indigenous, Hindu, or Islamic origins but all integrate within the culture

- the spirits are considered powerful entities. As a force, the spirits spread throughout the environment and with which man has accept, for good or for evil.

- from the manifestations of mans life and activities, in negative cases, pawang can either calm the spirits or exorcize them

- Infants, a few months after birth are introduced to the earth and sea spirits

- they preserve the well-being of a community unless the spirits are disturbed from the home. In that case, one would become ill and a pawang would have to identify the spirit, address the issue, and correct the wrong doing so that the person who became ill can heal and return to proper health.

- Among the Patani Malays, boats are believed to possess a "personal soul" of its own called mayor perahu. Because of this, respectful offerings of the soul are placed on the prow of the boat every Friday.

- to conduct an exorcism the pawang may need to perform a seance to cleanse evil influence off a person, object, or place. This includes purification and neutralization processes. There are three main areas in which the villagers believe that their daily lives are affected by the mediation of supernatural beings: in their economic activities, in matters of health, and in personal affairs