User:Broncoviz/sandbox/Results

Result by provinces
! style="background:#f2e8ce;" Giachetti

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy https://radiogold.it/politica/175828-primarie-partito-democratico-nicola-zingaretti-vince-in-provincia/ http://www.pdpiemonte.it/2019/02/congresso-2019-le-liste-dei-candidati-allassemblea-nazionale/ http://www.pdpiemonte.it/2019/03/congresso-2019-i-delegati-del-piemonte-eletti-in-assemblea-nazionale/

Color scheme

 * See this page's history and the main page redesign archives. I forget when or why they diverged. Help talk:Using colours

Election
The 2019 American federal election was held on 10 July 2019 to elect all 584 members of the Congress of the Federation, comprising the 311-member Congressional Assembly and 273-member Congressional Council. The incumbent Civic Action–Popular Constitutional Freedom government, led by Chancellor Eleanor Campbell, was seeking a fifth term.

The election was a resounding defeat for the government. The Progressive Green Left, contesting its first federal election, won in a landslide, scoring majorities in both houses of Congress. Civic Action lost almost nine percentage points of its voteshare, winning less than a quarter of the overall vote, its worst result since 1998. Popular Constitutional Freedom, the junior partner of government, also suffered a downswing. American Alliance suffered particularly badly, losing almost half its voteshare and over two-thirds of its Congressional representation; leader Dominic Callahan lost his Council seat. The Radical Socialist Alternative took small losses in both houses, while Democratic Future entered Congress for the first time with 8 seats overall and just under 5% of the total vote. Traditional Voice expanded its Congressional representation beyond Tennessee for the first time, picking up a new lower house seat in Ohio.

Chancellor Campbell conceded defeat early on election night, announcing her resignation as both party leader and Congresswoman. PGL leader Kenna Snow-Newman claimed victory shortly thereafter. She was sworn in as Chancellor the next day. She became the first ever green Chancellor and the first Chancellor from the Congressional left since 2005. 2019 was the first federal election since 1979 in which a single party won a majority in either house of Congress.

Background
In late 2014, long-serving Chancellor Alexander Blackwell announced his intention to step down in early 2015, citing age and worsening health. His successor, as determined by a Civic Action party ballot in December 2014, was Minister for Justice Eleanor Campbell. Blackwell resigned on 12 January 2015, with Campbell sworn in the same day. In March, Campbell announced that she intended to approach President Kian Murphy to call an early election. Civic Action dominated the protracted campaign amongst a splintered opposition. The governing coalition was returned with a similar result to their 2011 victory, despite a fall in voteshare. In the lower house, Civic Action won 130 seats, while PCF won 44; overall, a commanding majority of 174 seats. In the upper house, they won 124 and 39 respectively, for a total of 163.

The opposition was the most divided in living memory. The Green Progressives made the largest gains in the election, narrowly becoming the second largest party, and the largest in opposition, with just 47 seats. American Alliance won 40 seats, its best result to date, while the Labor Party recorded its worst result since 1924, coming in fifth place with 37 seats. The Radical Socialist Alternative also tied its previous best result, winning 12 seats. Televangelist Christian Collins was re-elected in Tennessee with his party Traditional Voice.

Progressive Green Left
Immediately after the election, Labor Party leader Julian Clarke resigned. The subsequent leadership election was dominated by debate about the party's future in light of its abysmal results and continued decline. The race was ultimately contested between deputy leader Danielle Lee and MCC Jodie Gallagher. Lee supported a return to traditional social democratic politics and a potential caucus with the Alliance. Gallagher, a key figure on the emergent green wing of the party, proposed closer cooperation with the Green Progressives, with a vision of establishing a pan-left political alliance.

Gallagher won the election with 57% of the vote, and sought closer ties with other parties on the left, extending invitations to discuss future relations with several other parties, including the Green Progressives, Radical Socialist Alternative, and a number of minor parties which lacked national representation. Though talks with RSA stalled, Labor and the Green Progressives made a breakthrough, agreeing to create a joint Congressional group and act as equals in leading opposition.

In March 2016, the Labor caucus approved a motion to hold a ballot regarding a merger with the Green Progressives. This was approved by 60% of members. The Green Progressives held a corresponding ballot, which was approved by 83% of members. The merger process officially began on June 1 and was finalised on 1 August; the name selected for the new party was the Progressive & Green Left, though the ampersand was later removed. Former Green Progressive leader Kenna Snow-Newman was elected the first leader of the new party, with Gallagher becoming deputy leader.

The party attracted major attention with a victory in the 2016 Chesapeake state election just two months later, winning 39% of the vote and forming government at its very first election. This was followed by strong performances at elections in Ohio, Appalachia, Virginia, Vermont, Ontario, and Massachusetts throughout 2017; in each, PGL became either the largest or second largest party.

Electoral system
Both the Congressional Assembly and Congressional Council are elected via d'Hondt method proportional representation, with each state acting as a multi-member constituency. The two houses are elected collectively, with a single vote cast by each voter electing members to both houses. The divergence between results in each house is due to the differing processes of apportionment applied in each house:

For the Assembly, seats are delegated to each state based on population, with the number of constituents represented by a single seat being equal to the population of least populous state. In the 2019 election, this was Vermont, population 523,959 as per the 2014 Census.

For the Council, the total number of seats is equal to one half the cube root value of the total American population. In the 2019 election, the size of the Council was 273 seats. Seats are then apportioned between states based on the cube root value of each state's population. Compared to the Assembly, the Council gives greater representation to less populous states and lesser representation to more populous states.

Legislative system
The Congress of the Federation operates on the basis of American bicameralism, in which the two legislative chambers hold significant and near-equal power, with neither house holding formal or conventional precedence over the other. Though the Assembly is considered to be the lower house and the Council considered to be the upper house, this has little legal significance. The Chancellor may sit in either house, and bills of any kind may originate in either house. Traditionally, in the event of a parliamentary deadlock, the Chancellor must hold the confidence of the House in which they sit in order to continue in office.

Date
The Constitution of the Federal Republic states that elections to both houses of Congress must be held simultaneously, and no more than four years after the previous election. Elections may be called early by the President on the advice of the Chancellor, or unilaterally by the President if there is a major constitutional or political conflict preventing the sitting government from operating. Federal elections may be held on any day of the week; the day of the election is designated Election Day and is a public holiday.

The latest possible date for the election was 14 July 2019. On 20 May 2019, Chancellor Campbell approached President Augustine Cruz to request the dissolution of Congress and the scheduling of the election for 10 July.

Parties and leaders
Parties represented in the outgoing Congress at its dissolution were the following:

Campaign
The official campaign period began on 29 May. As the Fourth of July fell during the campaign period, a three-day campaign blackout took place from 3 to 5 July, during which time no political advertising was permitted. Some criticism was leveled at Chancellor Campbell for scheduling the election so soon after the Fourth of July, though no party leaders publicly expressed disagreement with the timing of the election.

The Civic Action campaign played on the legacy of the long-serving Blackwell government, promising "four more years of stability and prosperity". The party pledged to continue civil reforms and pursue "sensible" economic and social policy. They sought a "middle ground" policy on climate change, encouraging private investment in renewable energy via subsidies and advocating a steady transition away from fossil fuels. Negative campaigning was a major part of Civic Action's campaign, and they strongly opposed the Progressive Green Left's economic, energy, and climate policies, claiming that if elected, PGL would plunge America into a recession worse than Y2K. They also claimed Kenna Snow-Newman was unfit to serve as Chancellor due to her youth and relative inexperience, and highlighted her former membership of the Left Communist Youth, labeling her a "leftist radical". They targeted tensions within PGL resulting from the merger of the Green Progressives and Labor Party, the Progressive Green Left's predecessors, describing the party as an "unholy union". This point of attack was particularly focused on the relationship between Kenna Snow-Newman and Jodie Gallagher, former leaders of the respective parties, who had publicly sparred on several occasions in preceding years. The Civic Action campaign warned that "a feud not seen since McDowell and Weber" could erupt in a PGL government.

The Progressive Green Left campaign sought to energize a broad progressive base, with its central message surrounding immediate and significant action against climate change. Also emphasised were social justice and economic justice, with the party envisioning "a democratic and egalitarian future for America". PGL's federal campaign was complemented by a significant grassroots effort, following similar efforts in state elections over the preceding two years. This element played a significant role in the campaign, with supporters promoting PGL especially strongly on social media. The phrases "green wave" and "paint it green", which were coined by PGL supporters during the party's state election campaigns, were frequently repeated at PGL rallies and during candidates' speeches. The campaign denounced "climate deniers" in the incumbent government, particularly criticising Civic Action's coalition with Popular Constitutional Freedom, whose leader Christopher Herrera had publicly denied the existence of climate change on several occasions. After deputy Civic Action leader Mathias Mckinney's appearance in the second leaders' debate, the campaign intensified its focus on climate denial and conservatism within Civic Action, accusing Campbell of hypocrisy for claiming to support climate action while serving with a deputy who described himself as a climate skeptic.

Popular Constitutional Freedom, fearing loss of social conservatives to Traditional Voice, strongly appealed to its Southern base. The party also sought to appeal to northern working-class voters, particularly in the Midwest, seeking to exploit a perceived vacuum in the political landscape left by the absence of the Labor Party. American Alliance focused on defending its 2015 gains with middle-class voters in the north and Northeast. The Radical Socialist Alliance attempted to further build its urban working-class base, though candidates in rural states such as Kaskaskia and Superior appealed to the tradition of the agrarian left, styling themselves "progressive socialists". Traditional Voice appealed to social conservatives and Christian traditionalists in the South, though a particularly spirited campaign was run in Ohio by candidate Thomas Thompson. Democratic Future ran a campaign centered on anti-corruption, particularly targeting parts of the South which had suffered recent corruption scandals. Regionalist party the Florida Democrats also campaigned strongly in the Floridas, seeking greater autonomy for the region and stronger rights for Spanish Floridians.

Debates
Five major debates were hosted by public broadcasters during the campaign, regulated by the Federal Debate and Forum Authority. Two major leaders' debates were hosted by the FBCA, while the Republican Press Network hosted two deputy leaders' debates as well as the final debate of the campaign, a "Chancellor candidate" debate contested by Chancellor Campbell and Progressive Green Left leader Snow-Newman.

An independent climate debate hosted by the Alliance for the Climate Emergency, held on June 19, unexpectedly became the second most-widely watched debate of the campaign, beating out both the first and second leaders' debates. Attended by Snow-Newman, Alliance leader Dominic Callahan, and RSA leader Rowan Gomez, the debate explored a number of topics relating broadly to climate change. The organisers stated they intended to invite "every party with belief in climate change", specifically excluding Popular Constitutional Freedom and Traditional Voice. Chancellor Campbell declined the invitation, and Civic Action also turned down a second offer for any serving minister to attend the debate. Broadcast on the Santana-Young Network between 7:30 PM and 9:00 PM ET, the debate captured over a quarter of television viewershare during its broadcast period, much higher than predicted. Internet uploads of the debate on various platforms aggregated an estimated 160,000,000 views over the course of the campaign, making the climate debate the most-viewed in history.

Chancellor Campbell was notably absent from the second leaders' debate, held on June 28; she stated she was unable to attend but did not disclose why. Civic Action was represented instead by deputy leader Mathias Mckinney, who also featured in both deputy leaders' debates.

Reception and analysis
The Progressive Green Left campaign was labeled one of the most successful in decades. A survey of 55 political analysts found that 76% believed PGL had conducted the most effective campaign, while an APS poll conducted during Fourth of July campaign blackout found that 52% of respondents agreed that PGL's campaign had been the strongest. Strong positive messaging, a clear and consistent vision, and Kenna Snow-Newman's effective personal role in the campaign were cited as strengths by several sources. Snow-Newman was particularly praised for her debate performances, with polling showing voters considered her the victor in all four. Her oration was praised, with NNT reporter Taylor Saunders describing her as "a commanding presence" and "possibly the greatest speaker in politics since [Chancellor] Vincent." PGL deputy Jodie Gallagher also received praise; after the second deputy leaders' debate, the New York Times wrote "the public will be assured that, despite the messy origins of their political marriage, Snow-Newman and Gallagher will make an effective team should the Green Left win the election." Some sources criticised aspects of the campaign, with Jabari Larson of Kennedy describing it as "populist" and drawing parallels to PCF's 1998 campaign, though he did not deny its effectiveness. Others also expressed doubts about the feasibility of many of PGL's proposals, especially if forced to negotiate legislation with Alliance.

Civic Action's campaign was described as "largely ineffective" by leading commentator Arthur Collier. Some aspects were praised, including its focus on Snow-Newman's youth and inexperience and criticisms of PGL's ambitious economic proposals, particularly its complex climate response plan. Civic Action's appeals to American Alliance voters were also praised. However, much discussion of the campaign was critical. Columnist Patrick Meyer criticised its pervasive negative messaging, stating that it was unlikely most voters would buy into such rhetoric. The Atlanta Star stated that Civic Action's campaign was "edging into fearmongering territory." Others questioned the party's vision for the future, with Taylor Saunders stating "Civic Action's policy plans appear to lack any concrete solutions to the problems of modern America, especially when compared to the Green Left's veritable barrage of ideas." Criticism was leveled toward Chancellor Campbell personally for her limited role in the campaign; particularly, her attendance of just two of the four debates to which she received invitation. Emphasis was placed on her refusal to attend the June 19 climate debate, which was later described by political analyst Harriet Espinoza as "the nail in the coffin for Civic Action's campaign", while columnist Patrick Meyer wrote "[Campbell] had the chance to turn around the entire narrative of the campaign, and she threw it away." Campbell's performances in the debates was also criticised; Arthur Collier contrasted her poor oration and lack of presence on stage with the 2015 campaign. Civic Action deputy Mathias Mckinney, a noted conservative and self-described climate skeptic, was widely characterised as a negative influence on Civic Action's campaign, particularly in his role as Campbell's replacement during the second leaders' debate. After the debate, Taylor Saunders wrote "Snow-Newman was able to effectively counter and shut down most of Mckinney's points, leaving him helpless on several occasions." Harriet Espinoza stated "Civic Action's chief representative [at the debate] flirting with climate denial at this stage of the campaign is self-evidently disastrous."

Popular Constitutional Freedom's targeting of the working-class vote was praised by Jabari Larson, who speculated that "a segment of Labor's traditional voting base may find themselves seduced by Herrera's evergreen nativist rhetoric." However, most analysts concluded that PCF's campaign had little impact on its target audience. American Alliance's campaign was assessed mostly negatively; Harriet Espinoza wrote "Alliance and Callahan responded sluggishly and ineffectively to PGL's strategies, and were bleeding votes from the very start." Radical Socialist Alternative's campaign was credited with limiting its losses in the election, as many sources had predicted many RSA voters would switch to PGL. Though Traditional Voice's national campaign failed to deliver predicted gains, the Ohio campaign was described as "highly successful" by the Cincinnati Daily. Arthur Collier stated "Thompson's message resonated with rural voters, who rewarded him with a single precious seat". Democratic Future made the second-largest gains in the election behind PGL, which RPN reporter Alfie Bell attributed to its anti-establishment campaign. Much of its new support was drawn from disillusioned Alliance voters, particularly in the South and Northeast.

Final-day polls
The following polls were conducted on 8–9 July.

Exit polls
The following polls were conducted as exit polls on the day of the election. The exit polls projected the results for the Congressional Assembly, with all three predicting a Progressive Green Left victory.

Results
The Progressive Green Left held a commanding lead in terms of popular vote, 17.3 points nationally, winning pluralities in all 33 states and majorities in several. This led to significant overrepresentation in the results, granting them a majority of seats in both houses of Congress. PGL performed strongest in the Northeast and Northwest, underperforming in traditionally left-leaning industrial areas in the Midwest, and performing better than expected in Kentucky and Virginia. The party did relatively poorly in the South, but nonetheless won over 35% of the vote in all but two states – Alabama and Kanawha.

Jodie Gallagher, former Labor Party leader and the leader of the Progressive Green Left group in the Congressional Council prior to the election, was elected Chairperson of the Council at the first sitting of Congress.

Aftermath
The FBCA, RPN, SYN, and NNT had all called the election for the Progressive Green Left by 18:45 ET on the evening of 10 July. The Sentinel, America Votes, and Southern Journal had all called it by 19:00.

At 19:30, Chancellor Campbell appeared at the Civic Action party function in Annapolis. Conceding defeat, she announced her immediate resignation as party leader and from Congress. She emphasised the successes of her government, including strides toward international climate action, economic prosperity, political stability, and numerous civil and government reforms. Directly addressing former Chancellor Alexander Blackwell, who was not attending the event, Campbell apologized for ending his legacy with a landslide defeat. Addressing Chancellor-presumptive Snow-Newman, she gave her best wishes, stating "the Chancellery can be an impossibly difficult office, but those with heart for it will rise to the occasion."

Soon after the conclusion of Campbell's speech, Kenna Snow-Newman claimed victory before a crowd at a party rally in her hometown of Cambridge, Chesapeake. Thanking the outgoing Chancellor for her blessings, Snow-Newman praised PGL staff and volunteers who had worked on the campaign. She proclaimed a new era for America, declaring: "we're always stronger when we stand united. This movement and this result proves that. Tomorrow, our work begins in earnest. We have the chance to show the world that a better world, a brighter world, is possible. We have the chance to build it – together." She concluded her speech by quoting Howard Atkins's "a future to believe in" speech.

Snow-Newman was sworn in as the 30th Chancellor on 11 July. The Snow-Newman cabinet was sworn in on 13 July.

Reaction
Russian President Alyona Korotkina, Louisiane Prime Minister Jean-Baptiste Verninac, British General-Secretary Darius Bradley, and German President Edelbert Hennig all congratulated Snow-Newman on her victory on the night of the election. Leaders and officials from numerous other nations issued statements of congratulation in the following days, including French foreign minister Loïc Grandis, which was seen as an indication of improving Franco-American relations.

The Progressive Green Left's victory was described as "the greatest political comeback in living memory" by the New York Times. Journalist Zachary Wong wrote "after almost twenty years lost in the wilderness, and sustaining a seemingly mortal wound in 2015, Labor's spiritual return to power may already have surpassed Blackwell's resurrection of the Vincent tradition on the list of American political milestones". Kieran Cardenas described "a potent mixture of new faces, modern policy, and world-class campaigning" as the cause of the stunning victory. Analyst Maxime Duval examined the party's campaign and public image strategy, praising it as "the gold standard of public relations ... irresistible even to the Green Left's staunchest opponents."

The result of the election was seen as a return to two-party politics, ending the multi-party system which had existed since 1998. Commentator Tommy Taylor claimed that the overwhelming media focus on the two largest parties stifled diversity of opinion and harmed the performance of minor parties.

The election ignited a debate regarding the American electoral system, as the PGL won a majority of seats in both houses of Congress with only 42% of the vote. Shortly after taking office, Chancellor Snow-Newman acknowledged that the result was "not exactly proportional", and stated the government would consider reform to the electoral system.

Parties and leaders
Parties represented in the outgoing Congress at its dissolution were the following:

Background
The 1944 Duosicilian general election was held on Sunday, 25 March 1945, to elect the National Constituent Assembly of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. All 439 seats in the National Constituent Assembly were up for election.

After Mussolini's Prime Minister of Kingdom of Italy After the liberation of Naples in September 1943, King Ferdinand III and the government-in-exile flew back to Naples from his exile in Dublin, Ireland. Immediately after his return, the pressure from the press, the trade unions, the capitalists and the allied nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom for the cancellation of the laws imposed by the fascist regime increased, so King Ferdinand III appointed former Interior minister and anti separatist Salvatore Aldisio as Prime Minister as a first step towards restoring democracy in the kingdom.

Finally, while the Allies were marching towards Florence during the summer of 1944, the King called for a

List of Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
https://www.schemecolor.com/sample?getcolor=009ce2 https://lslwiki.digiworldz.com/lslwiki/wakka.php?wakka=color

Members
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Deputati_dell%27Assemblea_Costituente_della_Repubblica_Italiana (B) Carlo Bassano

Communists:
 * Giuseppe Di Vittorio
 * Mario Assennato

Socialists:
 * Oreste Lizzadri (leader in 1953?)
 * Francesco Cacciatore (leader from 1957)
 * Francesco De Martino
 * Riccardo Lombardi (Popular Socialist)
 * Gaetano Salvemini
 * Eduardo Di Giovanni

Republicans: (social democrats, PSDI?)

Populars:
 * Giorgio La Pira (segretario alle prossime elezioni?)
 * Mario Scelba (against to any cabinet with socialists)
 * Gennaro Cassiani
 * Giuseppe Spataro
 * Salvatore Aldisio
 * Gaspare Ambrosini
 * Giuseppe Alessi
 * Bernardo Mattarella

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milazzismo
 * Paolo D'Antoni
 * Silvio Milazzo

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Democratico_del_Lavoro_(Italia)
 * Enrico Molè

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_del_Sud

Liberals: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Democratica_Nazionale
 * Ugo La Malfa
 * Francesco De Vita
 * Girolamo Bellavista
 * Guido Basile
 * Epicarmo Corbino (economista)
 * Giovanni Selvaggi (PRI)
 * Giuseppe Nitti (PLI)
 * Gaetano Martino (PLI, 1954)
 * Antonio Martino (1988, PLI)
 * Raffaele De Caro (1954, PLI)

Unionists: (federalists) https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Federalisti
 * Ernesto Rossi
 * Ugo Damiani

Independentists: http://www.ars.sicilia.it/node/1144 http://www.ars.sicilia.it/i-legislatura http://danilocaruso.blogspot.com/2015/09/andrea-finocchiaro-aprile.html https://www.fancityacireale.it/wordpress2/piccola-storia-di-jaci-le-elezioni-regionali-siciliane-anno-1947/ http://www.regione.toscana.it/documents/10180/452241/Le%20elezioni%20politiche%20spagole%20del%209%20marzo%202008/55271067-5bd9-4b6e-8d93-24d27f5cabc7 http://www.ars.sicilia.it/sites/default/files/downloads/2018-10/Archivio%20storico%20del%20Parlamento%20regionale.pdf http://www.trapaninostra.it/libri/Centro_Studi_Giulio_Pastore/Breve_viaggio_nel_mondo_separatista_trapanese/Breve_viaggio_nel_mondo_separatista_trapanese.pdf Il leader meridionalista siciliano Enzo Maiorano è stato un precursore: molto vicino a Roberto Calderoli già nel 2004
 * Attilio Castrogiovanni
 * Francesco Musotto (moderato filoseparatista)
 * Antonino Varvaro (comunista agrario)
 * Carlo Ardizzoni (giornalista, ex Sindaco di Catania, moderato di csx)

Monarchists: https://storia.camera.it/deputato/carmine-de-martino-18980306
 * Carmine De Martino (?)
 * Camillo Tommasi di Scillato
 * Roberto Lucifero (liberal-monarchico di origini calabresi)
 * Achille Lauro (democristiano)
 * Alfredo Covelli (poi autore della fusione con il MSI)
 * Gaetano Fiorentino (poi nel MSI)

Nationalists: Neofascists:
 * Alfredo Cucco

Common Man's Frontists:
 * Giuseppe Ayroldi
 * Vincenzo Tieri (successivo segretario)

Farmers and Peasants Party

Independents
 * Igino Coffari
 * Vito Reale

Opinion polling
Idee per la timeline alternativa: Austria e Borbone sono alleati fin dal 1815 con la Santa Alleanza, gli austriaci aiutano a sedare la rivolta siciliana del 1848 ma la neutralità dell'Austria durante la Guerra di Crimea fa sì che i russi propongano di diventare i nuovi alleati dei siciliani.

Ciò portò all'istituzione del sistema del Congresso, e ai successivi congressi: i più importanti saranno quelli di Aquisgrana (1818), di Troppau (1820), di Lubiana (1821), che autorizzò l'intervento austriaco nel napoletano, e infine il congresso di Verona (1822) già citato.

Valutare se intervennero durante la Guerra di Crimea vista la presenza del Regno di Sardegna 1856 - la Russia e Napoli stringono l'alleanza 1861 - Ferdinando

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresso_di_Vienna#La_Santa_Alleanza https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_austriaco