User:Brosephofblicketon/sandbox

4/18 - decided on editing the Speech Error section on the Psycholinguistics article. It only has one line that pretty much just says that Speech errors exist, so I figure it ought to get updated.

Main Article: Speech error

[Originally in article: The analysis of systematic errors in speech, writing and typing of language as it is produced can provide evidence of the process which has generated it.] Errors of speech, in particular, grant insight into how the mind processes language production while a speaker is in the midst of an utterance. Speech errors tend to occur in the Lexical, Morpheme, and Phoneme Encoding steps of Language Production, as seen by the ways errors can manifest. The types of Speech errors, and some examples, are:

Substitutions (phoneme and lexical) - replacing a sound with an unrelated sound, or a word with an antonym, and saying "verbal outfit" instead of "verbal output ," or "He rode his bike tomorrow" instead of "... yesterday ," respectively,

Blends - mixing two synonyms together and saying "my stummy hurts" in place of either " stomach " or " tummy ,"

Exchanges (phoneme [a.k.a. Spoonerisms] and morpheme) - swapping two onset sounds or two root words, and saying "You hissed my mystery lectures" instead of "You m issed my h istory lectures," or "They're Turking talkish" instead of "They're talk ing Turk ish," respectively,

Morpheme shifts - moving a function morpheme such as "-ly" or "-ed" to a different word and saying "easy enoughly" instead of "easi ly enough,"

Perseveration - continuing to start a word with a sound that was in the utterance previously and saying "John gave the goy a ball" instead of "John gave the b oy a ball,"

and Anticipation - replacing a sound with one that is coming up later in the utterance and saying "alsho share" instead of "al s o share."

Speech errors will usually occur in the stages that involve Lexical, Morpheme, or Phoneme Encoding, and usually not the first step of Semantic Encoding. This can be credited to how a speaker is still conjuring the idea of what to say, and unless he changes his mind, can not be mistaken in what he wanted to say.

Sources:

http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/05lect16.html

http://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/slips-tongue-windows-mind

http://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/speecherrors.htm

Fromkin, Victoria A., ed. (1973). Speech Errors as Linguistic Evidence. The Netherlands. Mouton & Co. N.V. pg. 157-163

https://books.google.com/books?id=DecgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&dq=speech+errors&source=bl&ots=24nSgmFf8t&sig=ghDWQ00xVjxBEk4JYBj8-jD7jNk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim0vWv-7vTAhVKwGMKHYZGD7A4FBDoAQghMAA#v=onepage&q=speech%20errors&f=false