User:Bruin2/sandbox

Archaeology
Human habitation in the Fourche Maline valley dates from at least 3,500 years ago. However, a paper published by the Oklahoma Archaeologists states that the first major period of human habitation (called the Wister phase) occurred between 1500 B. C. and 300 B. C. The second main phase of occupation, known as the Fourche Maline culture, occurred between 300 BCE and 800 AD), a Woodland period Native American group, is named for the stream. The Fourche Maline culture (named for the river) evolved into the Caddoan Mississippian culture by 1000 CE. Despite the name, the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture states that similar sites have been found in other areas of northern and eastern Oklahoma. Several such sites were excavated by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1930s. They are typically characterized by dark middens (mounds), similar tools and weapons, corner notched projectile points (used with early bows and arrows), beads, grindstones, hammerstones. etc. Some sites were pre-ceramic, while others showed evidence of clay pottery production. It is uncertain whether the people who occupied these sites were permanent or temporary residents, but they definitely influenced later inhabitants of the Arkansas and Red River Valleys and throughout present-day Eastern Oklahoma.

Charles Bigheart
Charles Bigheart (1905-1919) along with his sister, Pearl Bigheart, were the children of George Bigheart and his wife, Pah-me-she-wah. All were full-blood members of the Osage tribe. George's wife died without a will in 1913, so her estate was divided as prescribed by Oklahoma law between George, Charles and Pearl. Charles died intestate and unmarried on February 7, 1919.

Camp Napoleon Council upgrade
By 1865, the Civil War had turned decisively against the Confederate States of America (CSA). Until then the CSA had promised military support in order to maintain Indian Territory as a buffer between Texas and the United States. But after 1864, the CSA had withdrawn its military forces and supplies to defend its land east of the Mississippi River. Except for the Native American troops serving the Confederate Army and stationed under General Stand Watie at Boggy Depot, the shooting war was over in Indian Territory. Pro-Confederate Indians agreed that a council of the Five Civilized Tribes, the Prairie Indians and the Plains Indians should be held to end inter-tribal hostilities and to negotiate terms for their return to the United States. The government of Texas was concerned about security along its northern border, and wanted the tribes living in Indian Territory to help protect against Union incursions. Accordingly, they wanted their own representatives (either Albert Pike or Douglas Cooper) to attend the meeting.

The council was originally scheduled to meet on May 14, 1865, at Council Grove (near present-day Oklahoma City). It was rescheduled to May 26, 1865 and relocated to Camp Napoleon after rumors of an impending Union attack on the original meeting.

According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the site of Camp Napoleon was on the Washita River, and covered the whole area of the present day city of Verden.

One of the most egregious examples of inter-tribal warfare in Indian Territory during the Civil War was the Tonkawa Massacre of 1862.

Text of Compact
"Whereas the history of the past admonishes the Red Man that his once great powerful race is rapidly passing away as snow before the summer sun. Our people of the mighty nations of our forefathers many years ago having been as numerous as the leaves of the forest or the stars of the heavens, but now by the vicissitudes of time and change and misfortune and the evils of disunion, discord, and war among themselves are but a wreck of their former greatness. Their vast and lovely country and beautiful hunting grounds abounding in all the luxuries and necessaries of life and happiness given to them by the Great Spirit having known no limits but the shores of the great waters and the horizon of the heavens, is now on account of our weakness, being reduced, and hemmed in to a small and precarious country that we can scarcely call our own, and in which we cannot remain in safety, and pursue our peaceful avocations—nor can we visit the bones and graves of our Kindred so dear to our hearts and sacred to our memories, to pay the tribute of respect unless we run the risk of being murdered by our more powerful enemies, and whereas there yet remains in the timbered countries on the plains and in the mountains many nations and Bands of our people which if united would afford sufficient strength to command respect and assert and maintain our rights—

Therefore we the Cherokees, Choctaws, Muskogees, Seminoles, Chickashaws, Reserve Caddoes, Reserve Osages, and Reserve Commanches, Composing the Confederate Indians Tribes, and Allies of the Confederate States, of the first part, and our Brothers of the plains, the Kiowas, Arrapahoes, Cheyennes, Lapan, and the several bands of the Commanches, the Nacones, Cochateks, Senawuts, Yameparckas, and Mootchas, and Jim Pockmark's Band of Caddoes, and Annadahkos of the second part; do for our peace happiness and the preservation of our race make and enter into the following league of compact, To wit—

1st. Peace and friendship shall forever exist between all the Tribes and Bands parties to this compact. The Ancient Council fires of our forefathers already kindled by our brothers of the timbered countries, shall be kept kindled and blazing by brotherly love until their smoke shall ascend to the Spirit Band to invoke the blessings of the Great Spirit in all our good works. The Tomahawk shall forever be buried, the Scalping Knife shall be forever broken. The War path heretofore leading from one tribe to another shall grow up and become as the wild wilderness. The path of peace shall be opened from one Tribe or Band to another and kept open, and traveled in friendship, so that it may become whiter and brighter as the time rolls on, and so that our children in all time to come shall travel no other road, and never shall it be stained with blood of our brothers.

2nd. The parties of this compact shall compose (as our undersigned brothers of the timbered countries have done) an Indian Confederacy, or a Band of Brothers having for its object the Peace, the Happiness, and the Protection of all alike and the preservation of our race. In no case shall the war path be opened to settle any difficulty or dispute that shall hereafter arise between any of the Bands or Tribes parties to this compact or individuals thereof. All difficulties shall be settled without the shedding of any blood and by the suggestions of the Chiefs and headmen of the Tribes, Band, or person interested.

The Motto or great principal of Confederate Indian tribes shall be "An Indian shall not spill an Indian's blood."

In testimony of our sincerity and good faith in entering into this Compact, we have smoked the Pipe of Peace and extended to each other the hand of friendship and exchanged the tokens and emblems of Peace and friendship peculiar to our Race this the 26th day of May 1865.

Jack Spears 2nd Chf, and actg. Chf. Cherokee Nation J. Vann, J. P. Davis, Smallwood, Chas. Downing, H. Guess, John Chanbers, H. T. Martin, W. P. Adair.

Delegates from the Cherokee Nation.

Tuckabatche Micco, actg, chf. Creek Nation Yarkinhar Micco, Moty Kannard, Tidsey Fixics, Tustanuch Harjo, Nocusyahholsr Pleasant Peter, Ward Coachney.

Delegates from the Creek Nation.

Israel Folsom, Nathaniel Folsom.

Delegates from the Choctaw Nation.

Winchester Colbert, Cyrus Harris, Ashalatubbee.

Delegates from the Chickashaw Nation.

John Jumper, Chf. Seminole Nation. Nocos Harjo, Pussah Yahhaolah, Thos. Cloud, George Cloud, Foos Harjo, Nokus Emathla, Cha. Emathla, Tooshatchecochookamy, Nocus Emathlochee, Nulthcup Harjo, Cahcheille, abjdikey.

John Brown Interpreter.

Delegates from the Seminole Nation.

Tiner, Chf. Reserve Caddo Nation. George Washington, Wm. Lieutenant, Chickiyoates, Johnson Washington, Cahwahamer.

Delegates from Reserve Caddo Nation.

Wahtahshimgah, Chf. Osage Nation. Clairmore, NinchamKah, Tally, Wahshashewah tah ingah, Kahnah Kihingah, Black Dog, Chf. O. N.

Delegates from the Osage Nation.

Toshowah, Chf. Reserve Commanche Band.

Chapsirme, 2nd, Chf. Reserve Commanche Band.

Kahabbanait, Querrenait, Wahchenim Kah.

Delegates from the Reserve Commanches.

Tatobeeher, Chf. Kiowa Nation, Tahebecut, Quinetohope.

Delegates from the Kiowa Nation.

Little Roan, Chf. Asraphoe Nation. Peatipcent.

Delegate from the Arrapahoe Nation.

Wistooahtohhope, Chf. and Delegate from the Cheyenne Nation.

Woodercarnervesta, Chf. and Delegate from Lapan band of Opaches.

Queniheany, Chef. Noconee Band of Commanche Nation.

Mione, Chf. of Cochahkah Band Commanches.

Boiwa quastah Chf. of Tinnawith Band Commanches.

Toyek Kah nah, Chf. of Yampucka band of Commanches.

Pahrood sa mah, Chf. of Nooches Band of Commanches.

Buoye nah to yeh Delegate from Nooches Band of Commanches.

Tulsa neighborhoods intro
Tulsa has continued to expand for more than 175 years while maintaining its identity as a city. However, the area is so large and diverse that it has become customary to consider the city as a cluster of sub-areas, sometimes informally called districts, which are subdivided into neighborhoods. The sub-areas include :Downtown Tulsa, Midtown, North Tulsa, South Tulsa, and West Tulsa. These areas are subject to all laws and regulations established by the City of Tulsa, have no independent political power and no formal boundaries. The main usage for these terms is apparently to indicate the part of the city where some entity is located.

Civil War in IT
Military encounters during the American Civil War differed in Indian Territory from those in the area east of the Mississippi River in the following respects:
 * Generally a smaller number of troops were employed;
 * Actual combat did not last as long;
 * No siege tactics were employed;

The largest encounter in Indian Territory was the Battle of Honey Springs, in which the Union force employed about 3,000 troops while the Confederates employed about 7,000.

Military Units in IT

 * 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles - originally commanded by Col. John Drew
 * Second Regiment of Cherokee Mounted Rifles -founded by Stand Watie
 * 1st Cherokee Battalion of Partisan Rangers
 * 1st Squadron of Cherokee Mounted Volunteers
 * 2nd Cherokee Artillery
 * 3rd Cherokee Regiment of Volunteer Cavalry
 * Cherokee Regiment (Special Services), CSA
 * Cherokee Special Services Battalion
 * Scales' Battalion of Cherokee Cavalry
 * Meyer's Battalion of Cherokee Cavalry
 * Cherokee Battalion of Infantry


 * 1st Battalion Creek Confederate Cavalry
 * 1st Regiment Creek Mounted Volunteers
 * 2nd Regiment Creek Mounted Volunteers


 * 1st Battalion Seminole Mounted Volunteers
 * 1st Regiment Seminole Mounted Volunteers


 * 1st Regiment of Chickasaw Infantry
 * 1st Regiment of Chickasaw Cavalry
 * 1st Battalion of Chickasaw Cavalry
 * Shecoe's Chickasaw Battalion of Mounted Volunteers


 * 1st Choctaw & Chickasaw Mounted Rifles
 * 1st Regiment of Choctaw Mounted Rifles
 * 2nd Regiment of Choctaw Cavalry
 * 3rd Regiment of Choctaw Cavalry
 * Deneale's Regiment of Choctaw Warriors
 * Folsom's Battalion of Choctaw Mounted Rifles
 * Capt. John Wilkin's Company of Choctaw Infantry

Confederate

 * Albert Pike served as Confederate envoy to the Five Civilized Tribes.


 * Thomas C. Hindman


 * Samuel B. Maxey


 * Douglas H. Cooper


 * Stand Watie

Union

 * Brigadier General James G. Blunt was appointed as Commander of the Department of Kansas in April 1862. This was merged into the Department of Missouri in October 1862. Replaced in this post by General Samuel Curtis, Blunt became the commander of the District of the Frontier until April 17, 1964.


 * General John Thayer succeeded Blunt as commander of the District of the Frontier.

Battle of Locust Grove
The Battle of Locust Grove was a skirmish fought on July 3, 1862, near the present town of Locust Grove, Oklahoma. It was the opening encounter between Union and Confederate troops during Colonel William Weer's Indian Expedition to regain Union control of Indian Territory. The Union force consisted of about 250 men from the 9th Kansas Cavalry and the 1st Regiment, Indian Home Guard. The unidentified Confederate group, about the same size as Weer's, were led by Colonel James J. Clarkson. The Confederates, caught by surprise, were overwhelmed by the Union. About 100 were reported killed and another 100 (including Colonel Clarkson) were captured. Weer's troops also captured 60 wagons, 64 mule teams and a large quantity of supplies, while suffering 3 killed and 6 wounded. Confederate soldiers that escaped capture were pursued during the rest of the day as they fled toward Park Hill and Talequah. Their arrival caused panic among pro-Confederate Cherokees and led to many desertions among the Confederate troops there.

Although Weer was commander of the Indian Expedition, which reportedly contained about 5,000 troops, he chose to detach and lead a small group (about 300 men) on a mission to locate and capture or destroy a Confederate wagon train that was reportedly camped on the Grand River.

One source indicates the size of the Indian Expedition was 6,000 men, Weer detached a party of the 9th Kansas Cavalry and the 1st Indian Home Guard, and traveled down the east bank of the Grand River. The rest of the expeditionary force continued on the Military Road to the Martin Ranch on Cabin Creek.

River steamboat notes
According to the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture, river steamboats differed greatly from ocean-going steamboasts. The river boats were narrow, shallow-draft pontoons which had the boilers on the main deck and cargoes loaded on decks built above the boilers. The boilers produced steam that turned paddle wheels to propel the craft. Some boats had paddle wheels mounted on the sides, and were called sidewheelers. Others, called stern wheelers, had a single paddle wheel on the stern. The former generally provided smoother ride for passengers and somewhat easier steering. The latter tended to be more efficient and were protected from more damage by objects in or along the river. Both were common before the American Civil War. It is unclear what specific design was used for the J. R. Williams, since no photographs or other authoritative information has survived. Stern wheelers became more common in the late 19th and early 20th Century for pushing freight barges.

There is anecdotal information that indicates wood was the fuel for inland steamboats. Coal and oil became more important after the Civil War (and with the depletion of American forests near the waterways). (Note: the fact that wood was used as fuel is mentioned in at least two other Wikipedia articles Steamboats and Steamboats of the Mississippi without citations. Apparently no one has required in-line citations of this fact.)

Indian Nations Council of Governments
The Indian Nations Council of Governments (INCOG) is a voluntary association of tribal and local governments in northeastern Oklahoma. It provides services to solve area-wide problems related to and use, transportation, community and economic development, environmental quality, public safety, and services for older adults. In doing so, it works closely with officials of Creek, Osage, Rogers, Tulsa, and Wagoner counties,more than 50 cities and towns located in those counties, and the Muscogee (Creek) and Osage Nations.

INCOG has a Board of Directors and a General Assembly to direct its activities. Its office is at 2 West 2nd Street in Tulsa.

River Parks
River Parks was established in 1974 as a joint operation of the City of Tulsa and Tulsa County, with funding from both governments as well as private entities. It is not a part of the Tulsa Parks and Recreation Department, but is managed by the River Parks Authority. It is a series of linear parks that run adjacent to the Arkansas River for about 10 mi from downtown to the Jenks bridge. Since 2007 a significant portion of the River Parks area has been renovated with new trails, landscaping and playground equipment. The River Parks Turkey Mountain Urban Wilderness Area on the west side of the Arkansas River in south Tulsa is a 300-acre area that contains over 45 miles of dirt trails available for hiking, trail running, mountain biking and horseback riding. The "Tulsa Townies" organization provide bicycles that may be checked out for use. There are three kiosks in the parks where bicycles may be obtained or returned. [http://www.tulsa-townies.com/howitworks.aspx Tulsa Townies. "How it works."] Retrieved November 30, 2014.

History
The Riverside Historic District (RHD) is a residential area in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It is on the east bank of the Arkansas River, about 1.5 mile south of Downtown Tulsa. The RHD has irregularly shaped boundaries. Starting at the northeast corner, the eastern boundary extends south from the intersection of East 21st Street and the Midland Valley Railroad (MVR) Bicycle Path to the southern side of Riverview Addition, then the boundary moves west until it intersects with the eastern boundary of the Riverside Drive Addition where it continues south and then to proceed west until it intersects with the center of Riverside Drive. The western boundary runs north until it reaches the center of 24th Street, where it turns east until it reaches South Boston Avenue then goes north until it reaches East 21st Street, where it turns east to the point of origin. The district covers about 63 acres.

Development of the RHD area began in 1920 when landowner Patrick J. Hurley and his wife platted Riverside Drive. They amended the plat to move Boston Avenue eastward to 26th Place and extended the avenue to 28th Street. This change was made so they could build a home at 2700 Boston Avenue. The Hurleys sold the rest of the addition to an insurance/real estate and brokerage company named Farmer and Duran.

Riverside Drive View Addition was platted by the Tulsa Exchange Company in 1929. It is bounded on the north by East 24th Street, on the east by South Boston Place, and on the south by East 26th Place. Riverside Drive is the western boundary.

General description
Part of the RHD lies in the Arkansas River flood plain.

The district contained 148 residential properties and 51 auxiliary structures. About 77 percent of these structures are classed as contributing to the historic character of the district. Nearly all of the structures were constructed between 1920 and 1950.

The architectural types represented in the RHD are: Colonial Revival    38 Tudor               37 Mission/Spanish Colonial Revival 13 Prairie              1 Craftsman            1 International        1

Oklahoma City Carnegie Library
Carnegie Library was razed in 1951, so that a new library could be built in its place.

One Place Tower
One Place Tower was begun in 2011 across from the BOK Center in Downtown Tulsa and was completed in 2013. The building comtains 521696 ft2 of space. It has 6 levels of parking, 11 levels of office space and one level of retail space. It was designed by Miles Associates and constructed by Flintco, LLC.

John Steele Zink
John Steele Zink founded the John Zink Company in Tulsa, Oklahoma during 1929. The company soon established a reputation as the premiere manufacturer of burners, flares, and incinerators for the oil and gas industry. Its headquarters and principal manufacturing facility were in Tulsa. John Steele Zink died in Tulsa in 1973.

John Zink, Senior, bought an 1800 acre cattle ranch in Osage County in 1945, about 10 miles north of Sand Springs, Oklahoma and 20 miles from Tulsa. He continued buying nearby property until the ranch reached 30000 acres. The property lies between Keystone Lake and Skiatook Lake]]. It has ceased raising cattle and now become a recreational attraction for many diverse groups.

According to the 1940 census, the Zink family resided at 3111 South Madison in Tulsa. It showed the family consisted of John S. Zink, age 46, Swannie Zink, age 46, Swannie Smith Zink, age 15, John Smith Zink, age 11 and Sarah Anne Zink, age 5.

John Zink Company LLC acquired Coen Company, a privately-owned equipment supplier of power generation, steam generation and process combustion equipment in 2008. Coen, headquartered in Woodland Hills, CA, had manufacturing facilities in Mexico City and Quebec, as well as an engineering and sales office in Foster City, California.

History
Coalgate originated from coal mining activity and was the site of a mining camp. The majority of miners were migrant workers. In 1883 the son of an Irish immigrant, Patrick Jay Hurley, grew up struggling as a miner in the nearby town of Lehigh, Ok. Hurley befriended an Indian boy who later became principal chief of the Choctaws and was allowed to use the family library for his studies. At age 15 Hurley worked as a ranch hand and at age 18 he acquired a position as caretaker at Bacone College where he attended night classes graduating with an A.B. in 1905. In 1908 Hurley attained a law degree and was retained as a lawyer for the Choctaw tribe. Hurley practiced law before the U S Supreme Court from 1912-1917. With profiteers beckoning, Hurley assisted Choctaws and kept their wealth in Coal mining territory. Around the turn of the century Hurley also followed a military career moving up to Major General during World War II, serving as Sec. Of War, Minister to New Zealand and special ambassador to several countries. In later years living out his life in Santa Fe, NM until his death in 1963, Hurley's endearment to Coal County friends encouraged frequent visits and a strong voice for Indian rights.

In Coalgate three railroads were active around 1885, Okla. City, Ada, and Atoka, Rock Island and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad. During this time the town was called Liddle and was well known by June 23, 1890 when the bank was established. In 1898 the Post Office was established and an application for incorporation of the city of Liddle were being drawn up. At a meeting of the M.K.&T. Railroad board of directors, it was mentioned that a good name for the city would be Coalgate for their President, Coalgate Hoyt. Also the area had grown due to coal activity and a slogan derived from the early day coal mining camps had been, "A GATE to wealth from the COAL Industry." The idea appealed to the city organizers and the city was incorporated as Coalgate later that year. It established a home rule charter, council, manager form of city government, which it still uses.

Districts in Cherokee Nation
After moving to Indian Territory, the Cherokee Nation was divide into nine districts for administrative purposes. Those were named:
 * Canadian
 * Cooweescoowee
 * Delaware
 * Flint
 * Goingsnake
 * Illinois
 * Saline
 * Sequoyah
 * Tahlequah

Andrew Jackson and the Creeks
Jacksa Chula Harjo " Jackson, old and fierce" was Creek name for Andrew Jackson at the time of the Creek Wars, according to author Jahoda. (Jahoda, Gloria.The Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removals 1813-1855. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York. 1975 ISBN 0-03-014871-5.)

Cornelius Hurst
Cornelius Hurst (1796 – 1851), a native of Wilmington, North Carolina, moved to New Orleans about 1821 and began to build a fortune through various enterprises. He is best known for developing Faubourg Hurstville, which remains now an identifiable section of Uptown New Orleans. Faubourg Hurstville was the first faubourg of what is now known as Uptown New Orleans, created in 1833. He also sold land for the construction of the famous landmark Lafayette Cemetery No. 1 in New Orleans.

Early life
Cornelius Hurst was born in Wilmington, North Carolina in October 1796 to Cornelius Hurst, Sr. and Sarah Ann Jennett. He moved to New Orleans about 1818, when he married Eleonore Smith a native of Mississippi, and by 1822 he was listed as an agent for the pilot's office there. A decade later, he was listed as a wood merchant, living in Faubourg Lafayette (later, the City of Lafayette) in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana.

Faubourg Hurstville
In 1831, Cornelius Hurst, Julie Robert Avart and Pierre Joseph Tricou purchased part of a sugar plantation in Jefferson Parish that had formerly belonged to Jean Baptiste Francois LeBreton. They immediately divided the purchase into three equal parts. Tricou sold his portion to Hurst in 1832. Hurst commissioned Benjamin Buisson to subdivide most of his holdings into residential lots that he named Faubourg Hurstville. It ran along the Mississippi River from Joseph Street to "the Bloomingdale Line" between Eleonore Street and State Street, and continued inland to Claiborne Avenue. Hurst named three streets in the faubourg for family members. Eleonore Street for his wife, Arabells for a daughter and Joseph fo a son. A cross street was named Hurst. The fourth street was named Nashville, as part of a plan to induce the New Orleans & Nashville Railroad to extend a line down the middle of it to the Mississippi River. However, both Hurst and the railroad went bankrupt during the Panic of 1837, and the proposed track was not built.

Financial losses
The financial crash known as the Panic of 1837 cause the New Orleans & Nashville Railroad to declare bankruptcy. It was soon liquidated. There would be no rail line through Faubourg Hurstville. Overextended and unable to make a deal with his creditors, Hurst also went bankrupt. All of his property, including the family home, was seized and put up for sale.

Death
Hurst died of cholera on April 28, 1851. He was buried in Metairie Cemetery. According to Hemard, Hurst's wife died November 15, 1844 after a long illness. He also states that she was a native of Pennsylvania.

Short History of Texas City
In 1891 three brothers from Duluth, Minnesota noticed that a location named Shoal Point, along Galveston Bay, had the potential to become a major port. Shoal Point had existed since the 1830s, when veterans of the Texas Revolution were awarded land for their services. The name was applied to the community when a post office opened in 1878. After the hunters returned home, they formed a syndicate, convinced other investors to put up money to buy 10,000 acres of Galveston Bay frontage, including Shoal Point, and renamed the property Texas City. By 1893, the investors had formed the Texas City Improvement Company (TCIC), which plotted and filed the townsite plan. A post office opened in 1893, to serve approximately 250 people who had moved there from Minnesota and Michigan. TCIC also received permission from the Federal Government to dredge an eight-foot-deep channel in the bay from Bolivar Roads (at the east end of Galveston Island) to serve Texas City. In 1894, the channel was first used commercially. TCIC also built a 4-mi railroad to the Texas City Junction south of town, where it connected to Galveston and Houston via two existing rail lines. Despite these successes, TCIC went bankrupt in 1897. Its assets were reorganized into Texas City Company (TCC), and Texas City Railway Terminal Company (TCRTC). These companies were chartered on February 4, 1899.TCC acquired 3,000 city lots and provided water, gas and electricity to the town. TCRTC operated the railroad.

In the summer of 1900, the Federal government granted permission to dredge the Texas City channel to a depth of 25 ft. The 1900 Galveston Hurricane interrupted the project, washing the dredge ashore. However, the port remained open after the storm passed. Even before the channel dredging was complete, the first ocean-goingship, SS Piqua, arrived at the port from Mexico on September 28, 1904. Dredging was completed March 19,1905, and the government opened a customs house in Texas City. Port growth progressed rapidly after this, from 12 ships in 1904, to 239 in 1910.

Texas City incorporated in 1911 with a mayor and commission form of government, and held its first mayoral election on September 16, choosing William P. Tarpey as mayor. A division of the United States Army deployed to Texas City in 1913 to guard the Gulf Coast from incursions during the Mexican Revolution. The division moved to San Antonio after the August 1915 hurricane completely demolished the encampment and killed nine soldiers.

In 1921, TCRTC took over operations of the port. Hugh B. Moore became president of the company and began an ambitious expansion program. His efforts attracted a sugar refinery, a fig processing plant, a gasoline cracking plant and a grain elevator. By 1925, Texas City had an estimated population of 3,500 and was a thriving community with two refineries producing gasoline, the Texas City Sugar Refinery, two cotton compressing facilities, and even passenger bus service.

The Great Depression caused the sugar refinery to fail in 1930. Economic hard times afflicted the city for a few years until the oil business returned to expansion. Republic Oil Refinery opened a gasoline refinery in 1931. In 1934, Pan American Refinery (later known as Amoco) began operating. Moore was able to win this refinery from the Houston Ship Channel because of Texas City's location nearer the Gulf of Mexico. By the end of the 1930s, Texas City's population had grown to 5,200.

Prosperity and industrial expansion returned as the United States became more involved in World War II. Enemy submarines had almost completely stopped the shipment of petroleum products from the Middle East, South America and Southeast Asia. The federal government decided to build a tin smelter in Texas City, since the enemy controlled access to refined tin elsewhere. The government also funded construction of a petrochemical plant to make styrene, a vital raw material for synthetic rubber. Monsanto Chemical Company contracted to operate the facility, which it expanded into an even large petrochemical complex after the war. Texas City refineries and chemical plants worked around the clock at full capacity to supply the war effort. By 1950, the local population had reached 16,620.

Post-war prosperity was interrupted on the morning of April 16, 1947, when the S.S. Grandcamp, containing ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded, initiating what is generally regarded as the worst industrial accident in U.S. history, the Texas City Disaster. The blast devastated the Monsanto chemical plant and offices, across the slip from the Grandcamp, blew away the warehouses, showered shrapnel from the ship in all directions, and ignited a second ship, the S.S.High Flyer, docked at an adjacent slip. Released from its mooring by the blast, the blazing High Flyer rammed and ignited a third ship, S. S. Wilson B. Keene, docked across the slip. Both ships also carried ammonium nitrate fertilizer and they, too, exploded. The explosions killed 581 and injured over 5,000 people. The explosions were so powerful and intense that many of the bodies of the emergency workers who responded to the initial explosion were never identified. The entire Texas City and Port Terminal Fire departments were wiped out.

The Texas City disaster is widely regarded as the foundation of disaster planning for the United States. Monsanto and other plants committed to rebuilding, and the city ultimately recovered from the accident. The city has often referred to itself as "the town that would not die."

On March 23, 2005, the city suffered an explosion in the local BP (formerly Amoco) oil refinery which killed 15 and injured over 100. The BP facility in Texas City is the United States' third largest oil refinery, employing over 2,000 people, processing 460,000 barrels (73,000 m³) of crude oil each day, and producing roughly 4% of the country's gasoline needs every day.

The Texas City Dike was overtopped by a greater-than 12 ft storm surge when Hurricane Ike barreled through the region in the early-morning hours of September 13, 2008. Although all buildings, piers and road were destroyed, the dike itself weathered the storm. Even in the widespread destruction throughout Galveston County caused by the wind and surge associated with Ike, Texas City was largely spared the devastation that other low-lying areas suffered. Texas City is mostly surrounded by a 17 mi levee system that was built in the early 1960s following the devastating floods from Hurricane Carla in 1961. Together with pump stations located at various places throughout the northeast periphery of the city adjoining Galveston, Dollar Bay, and Moses Lake, the levee and pump system may  have saved the city from wholesale devastation at the hands of Ike's powerful tidal surge. Damage in the city was largely limited to that caused by Ike's powerful winds and heavy rains. The dike was closed for three years while the road and supporting facilities were rebuilt. It was reopened to traffic in September 2011.

Cities and Towns ranked by Population
Many of the cities and towns that are primarily located within Tulsa County have spilled over into one or more adjacent counties. The populations recorded for these entities are those recorded by the Census Bureau, uncorrected for spillover into other counties. That is why Table 1 indicates the total population of these communities exceeds the official tally for the county.

Kendall Building
Photo of Kendall Building

DYK Ames Crater
...that Ames crater, in Major County, Oklahoma has produced more oil and gas since 1991 than any other astrobleme in the United States?


 * The following is an archived discussion of the DYK nomination of the article below. Please do not modify this page. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as |this nomination's talk page, the article's talk page or Wikipedia talk:Did you know), unless there is consensus to re-open the discussion at this page. No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was: rejected by Hawkeye7 (talk) 11:29, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

Ames crater

 * ... that Ames crater, in Major County, Oklahoma, has produced more oil and gas since its discovery in 1991 than any other astrobleme in the United States?

5x expanded by Bruin2 (talk). Self nominated at 14:47, 24 May 2014 (UTC).


 * Symbol possible vote.svg I appreciate your tremendous work in bringing the article from the stub class to this level by adding informative details but you nominated the article on 24 May, 9 days after the 5x expansion began.--Skr15081997 (talk) 09:27, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Symbol question.svg We can accept this on the date issue. You're only talking about 4 days past the deadline, and WP:DYKSG gives us the leeway  The immediate problem is the copyvio in the sentence that relates to the hook:
 * Article: The site is one of only six oil-producing craters in the United States. It is among the largest producing craters producing 17.4 million barrels of oil and 79.5 billion cubic feet of natural gas.
 * Source: The Ames crater impact site is one of only six oil-producing craters in the United States. It is among the largest producing craters producing 17.4 million barrels of oil and 79.5 billion cubic feet of natural gas
 * The rest of that section also has some uncomfortable close paraphrasing from the same source. — Maile (talk) 23:51, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your speedy comments. I have revised the closing paragraph and made some other edits to resolve the close paraphrasing issue. Does mentioning the specific source of the production data within the text help accomplish this? Are other changes needed? Bruin2 (talk) 16:11, 27 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Symbol confirmed.svg Meets the 5x expansion criteria, no close paraphrasing detected, has at least 1 inline citation per para and the hook is cited in the article. Good to go.--Skr15081997 (talk) 10:23, 28 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Symbol possible vote.svg Unfortunately the close paraphrasing issues have not yet been adequately resolved - compare for example "then rebounded in the center, creating an uplift. As the sea deposited layers of sediment, other geological movements tilted the formation slightly" with "then rebounded in the center, leaving an uplift at the point of impact. Later, as the sea deposited layer after layer of sediment on top, other geologic forces caused the land to tilt". Nikkimaria (talk) 22:20, 28 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I have revised the paragraph inquestion, which I think should resolve the issue of close paraphrasing. Please have another look to assure that I have retained the essence of how the crater was formed. Bruin2 (talk) 15:00, 3 June 2014 (UTC)


 * Note that a QPQ review has not yet been supplied, and will be required for this nomination to be approved. BlueMoonset (talk) 05:31, 4 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you, but there are still problematic passages in the article: compare for example "many geologists believed that impact craters were unlikely to contain petroleum. Wells had been drilled near the crater site since the 1960s, but none had been drilled within the crater" with "Many geologists had believed impact craters unlikely locations for petroleum... Although wells had been drilled nearby, no one had attempted to reach deep into the crater." There are also instances where the cited source does not support the given text - for example, I'm not seeing "There are 117 known sites in North America, Oil and gas are produced by only 11 of these" anywhere in the given source. Nikkimaria (talk) 12:56, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

Followup to DYK review
As of 2013, the Planetary and Space Science Centre Earth Impact Database, maintained and hosted by the University of New Brunswick, Canada (PASSC database), identified 183 known and confirmed meteor impact craters on earth. Only 28 are in the U.S.

Statement with incorrect citation
There are 117 known sites in North America, Oil and gas are produced by only 11 of these.

Response to DYK Review by Cwmhiraeth
Hi Cwmhiraeth, Thanks for your review. I have tried to find a specific WP policy regarding whether a quoted passage can be counted as part of the text for DYK purposes. So far, I have been unsuccessful. I had not seen such a policy statement previously, so I would like to read whatever explanatory info about it. The word counter tool that works well on my Mac computer certainly picked up the sections you cited, and shows the text at last revision contained 1476 words or 9252 characters with spaces. That would be a 6.8 expansion.Bruin2 (talk) 05:59, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

DYK:Jenson Tunnel
Base DYK:...Jenson Tunnel is the only railroad tunnel in Oklahoma?

ALT1...the only railroad tunnel in Oklahoma is Jenson Tunnel, in [[Le Flore County, Oklahoma|Le Flore County}}?

DYK:McBirney Mansion (Tulsa, Oklahoma)
Base DYK:...that after James H. McBirney and his wife died, the McBirney Mansion was converted to a law office, a bed and breakfast, a special event center and then proposed to be remodeled into a large hotel.

Review:DYK for Stanley Hotel, Nairobi
The article is new, long enough and was nominated within the time limit. It is neutral and has in-line citations. The image meets all requirements. All 3 hooks are within the character limit, accurate, cited, neutral and do not have negative aspects about people (Living or not). In my opinion, the base hook is more interesting than the other two. I haven't yet verified whether a QPQ is required or whether it has already been done. I still need to check sources for close paraphrasing issues, copyright violations and plagiarism. Should complete this in a couple of days.Bruin2 (talk) 16:39, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Review DYK for Della Warrior
Article is new, long enough, nominated within the time limit and meets Wikipedia core policies. It is neutral and has in-line citations. There is no image. The hook is well within 200 character limit,is interesting and is supported with in-line citations. It does not present any negative comments. I have found no plagiarism, copyright violations or close paraphrasing issues. I support advancing this DYK to the main page.

Review DYK for Passive treatment systems
Article is new, longer than the minimum requirement, nominated within the 7-day limit and meets Wikipedia core policies. It is neutral and has in-line citations. The hook has less than 200 characters, is neutral and does not focus on negative aspects of living people. I am concerned that the hook is misleading, as currently written. First, not all wetlands are swamps (see Wiki article Swamps). Second, the new article specifically addresses removing metals from acid mine drainage. Third, I see no citation for a source that supports the current hook. Finally, the copyvio tool accepted by Wikipedia shows a high probability of copy violations (>82%). In my opinion the article needs some heavy editing before the DYK nomination can be approved.

Review DYK for James Scott (marine)
Article is new, long enough, nominated within the time limit and meets Wikipedia core policies. The hook is interesting and well within the maximum size limit. It is neutral and has inline citations for sources. The image is from Wikipedia Commons and is indicated as in the public domain. The CopyVio tool located no serious close paraphrase about the presence of the subject's wife aboard the ship. I think it is too minor to affect the review. I approve passing this DYK. Bruin2 (talk) 05:10, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

Review DYK for Abandoned mine drainage
This article is new, nominated within the time limit and meets Wikipedia core policies. By my count, the article text is 3898 characters, well in excess of the required minimum. It is free of close paraphrasing, copyvios and plagiarism. Multiple hooks have been submitted and all range from 98 to 168 characters. Personally, I prefer ALT3 because it best illustrates the magnitude of the problem, at least within two states, and is supported by two inline citations. (I was unable to open Reference 3, which was cited as a source.) I found that fact more interesting than the others.

The image is in Wikipedia Commons, where the article author states that the image is his own work and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. I think it illustrates the contamination issue much more vividly than does the proposed alternate picture. Please don't swap the pictures!

The author has cited the DYK review for The Dominican Convent, Ilanz. I have confirmed this QPQ.

Review DYK for Columbia Southern Chemical Corporation
This is a new article, begun January 19, 2016, and nominated for DYK January 20. The title indicates it is about the Columbia Southern Chemical Corporation, a diversified company, but the text seems to focus mainly on a single product. Which do you intend? I think it is not long enough to do both well. The current word count is 260 words (1760 characters including spaces). DYK nominating criteria is a minimum of 1500 characters.

Review of DYK:Royal Stag
The history of Royal Stag indicates the article expansion began on January 9, and the DYK nomination was made on January 18, two days over the 7-day window. Before the expansion, the Word Count was 1479. At 8:07 PM PST, the Word Count tool showed it had 1335 words, so it does not pass the 5X expansion minimum, or the 5,000 character minimum for the prose section. The Earwig copyvio test hows the article has no serious copyvios, plagiarism or close paraphrasing. in my opinion. The hook contains 75 characters, which passes length criterion. The hook fact is cited with an in-line citation. It is moderately interesting, though I wonder if a more attention grabbing hook could be found. There is no negative statement about any living individual. The nomination passes the QPQ criterion. The corporate logo is non-free use image, but the fair use rationale seems to conform to Wikipedia policy. This issue was apparently discussed and resolved prior to the current expansion.

DYK Review: Gerrards Cross Memorial Building
Article text has 802 words and 4913 characters including spaces. Base hook has 24 words and 151 characters, including spaces. Article begun December 26 and nominated same day (note:text had 748 words and 4532 characters after last edit on 12/26. Copy vio tool shows no real problem of copy vios, plagiarism or close paraphrasing issues, Base hook has less than 200 characters. It is interesting, neutral, factual and has an in-line citation.

DYK:Finis Crutchfield
DYK:...that...Bishop Finis Alonzo Crutchfield led a secret life as a closeted homosexual for many years and died of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)? Revision begun December 20.

Hi Daniel, Thank you for your very helpful comments. I intend to incorporate most of them into the article itself, as well as amending the DYK nomination.
 * I had completely rewritten the lead paragraph, but forgot to delete the one that was in the original article. Hence the mixup in date format. I customarily use the MDY format, rather than DMY. I appreciate your reminder and will correct this shortly.


 * Actually, I thought that the concluding sentence, which you have marked "OR", was not original research, but a rather obvious conclusion after reading the cited sources. Perhaps this was an erroneous conclusion on my part. I will try again to find a source that describes the situation so succinctly. If I can't find one, I will delete the sentence.


 * I agree that the original hook is not very satisfactory, but I was having difficulty thinking of something that was both self-explanatory and fit the 200 character hook limit.The original hook has only 150 characters. I really like your proposed ALT1 much better, but it has over 200 words.


 * ::*ALT1: ... that Methodist bishop Finis Alonzo Crutchfield, Jr., a closeted gay man who later died of AIDS, attended a service for victims of an arson attack on New Orleans' UpStairs Lounge in 1973? (267 characters with spaces)


 * I propose trimming your suggested hook as follows, so that is below 200 characters:
 * ALT2:..that bishop Finis Alonzo Crutchfield, Jr., who later died of AIDS, attended a memorial service for victims of an arson attack in 1973 on a New Orleans gay bar, the UpStairs Lounge? (180 characters)


 * According to another viewer, there is still doubt whether the bishop had been proven to be gay, since AIDS can occur among non-homosexuals. I have not found a definitive statement about this. Maybe an altogether different hook should be used, as in ALT3.


 * ALT3:...that the death of Bishop Finis Alonzo Crutchfield from Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) fueled public concerns that the disease could be transmitted among humans by casual contact? (192 characters with spaces)

Thanks again for your comments. Bruin2 (talk) 23:15, 22 January 2016 (UTC)

Revised ALT3
that the death from AIDS of Bishop Finis Alonzo Crutchfield fueled public concerns that the disease could be transmitted among humans by casual contact?

Add to Crutchfield article
Crutchfield was noted for his zeal in revitalizing and expanding the membership of the Methodist church. He would even generate controversy by his ways of doing so. One of his most controversial (and successful) efforts might be called the Oral Roberts Affair. Oral Roberts, best known as a Pentecostal evangelist shocked many when he formally joined Boston Avenue Methodist Church on March 17, 1968. Initially, the act appeared to be a hasty occurrence, but it was later revealed to have resulted from discussions over a period of time between Roberts and Crutchfield. Crutchfield then arranged a meeting between Roberts and Angie W. Smith, then the Methodist Bishop over the Oklahoma Conference and who was Crutchfield's superior. Crutchfield reassured Roberts by saying, "...I have fine men in my church who are from your university....They are the most effective Christians in my church." Roberts said, "... do you know they all speak in tongues ... (and) in healing?" Crutchfield replied that he was very aware of that, adding, "They're not carrying this around as a badge of superiority. They're interested in helping people and building the kingdom."

Both Smith and Roberts saw advantages from such a move. For Roberts, it represented moving into the main stream of American Protestantism. For Smith, Roberts' dynamism and creativity was like a magnet for attracting new members. Although there were theological differences between Methodist and Pentecostal doctrines and practices, those could be overlooked by compromise. Bishop Smith agreed that Roberts could continue his evangelistic mission unfettered by rules of the Methodist church. After several discussions, Smith reportedly told Roberts, "We need you, but we need the Holy Spirit more than we need you, and we've got to have the Holy Spirit in the Methodist Church."

After joining the Boston Avenue church, Roberts completed a course about Methodist doctrine that would qualify him as a minister. Church officials agreed to accept his Pentecostal ordination, allowing him to become a Methodist minister. Roberts explained afterward that there would be, "... no change in my standard of the Full Gospel massager of my life, my ministry of of ORU." Crutchfield followed up by saying to Roberts' followers, "The Methodist Church...does not seek to impose conformity on its members and it encourages every sincere approach to God."

Re:Bishop's life
I have not been able to find a citable reference about the unsupportable allegations to Finis Crutchfield's sexual practices. Friends and supporters of the late bishop' statement to his son.

ALT5 ...that Bishop Finis Crutchfield sanctioned the use of Methodist church to host a memorial service for victims of a gay bar arson attack after several other churches had refused the use of their facilities? (34 words, 203 characters)

DYK:Will Rogers Memorial Museum
Base Hook: ....that the Will Rogers Memorial Museum became part of the Oklahoma Historical Society (OHS) in March 2016. (107 characters including spaces)

ALT1 ...that a 2016 Oklahoma  law requires the Governor appoint a lineal descendent of Will Rogers to the board of the Oklahoma Historical Society? (148 characters including spaces)

QPQ: TBA

ALT2 ...that a 2016 Oklahoma law making the Will Rogers Memorial Museum a part of the Oklahoma Historical Society (OHS) also requires the Governor to appoint a lineal descendent of Will Rogers to the OHS board? (202 characters including spaces)

DYK:St. Joseph's Catholic Church
Base Hook: ...that St. Joseph's Catholic Church, founded in Indian Territory in 1875, was the first Roman Catholic church in what is now Oklahoma? (136 characters incl. spaces)

ALT1: ...that the bell in the tower of St. Joseph's Catholic Church was the only item saved after the first church building burned down in 1902? (135 characters incl. spaces)

QPQ:...Hawaii and the American Civil War (in progress)

McBride Honors Program
Guy T. McBride is most notable for establishing the CSM Honors Program for Public Affairs, which now bears his name.

DYK for Pawnee Agency and Boarding School Historic District
.... that the Oklahoma Historical Society awarded its Citation of Merit for the rehabilitation of three buildings of the former Pawnee Agency and Boarding School Historic District which now serve the new Pawnee Nation College.? (238 characters incl. spaces)

....that three buildings of the former Pawnee Agency and Boarding School Historic District were rehabilitated to serve the new Pawnee Nation College.? (185 characters with spaces)

DYK for Tulsa Club Building
....that the Tulsa Club Building was abandoned by its original owner in 1994 and remained without legal occupants until 2019, when it was opened after extensive refurbishment as a boutique hotel. (194 characters with spaces)

....the Tulsa Club Building suffered four major arson fires in 2010, including 3 in a 2-week period, yet remained strong enough to allow conversion to a hotel instead of demolition. (181 characters with spaces)

California Road

 * Started 8/17/2007
 * Explain about Northern and Southern route

Cooper Bison Kill Site

 * Started 10/6/2007
 * Check in-line citations against Bement EOHC article

Geology of Oklahoma

 * Started 10/26/2007

The Chronicles of Oklahoma

 * Started 2/12/2010

Infobox template for OK Appeals Court Judge
Yahola Lake vol.= 4000000000 gal

DYK for Lisa Ainsworth
ALT2 "... Lisa Ainsworth did field research into the effects of increasing certain air pollutants at concentrations estimated for 2050 on some major food crops, and reported that carbon dioxide would cause a 10 % reduction of corn and that ozone would cause a 25 % reduction of soybeans.?" (284 words)

Added Erroneously to Floyd L. Jackson article
John B. Doolin (1879-1939) was a native of Missouri who came to Oklahoma Territory about 1899 and settled in the community of Alva, where he entered the retail clothing business. He was born in Caldwell County, Missouri to John and Alice (nee Tobin) Doolin. He also participated in local politics and was elected as the Woods County resistar of deeds in 1902. He retired from public office in 1906, formed a partnership with John H. Schaeffer to go into business making farm loans and abstracts of deeds under the name Schaeffer-Doolin Mortgage Company. He became the assistant treasurer of the National Democratic Campaign Committee in 1908. In 1911, he was named the manager of the Lee Cruce gubernatorial campaign. Cruse rewarded him by appointment to head the Oklahoma Fish and Game Commission.

Doolin was well regarded for his efficient and effective management of the OFGC throughout the Cruce term. He was even better known for establishing "Bird Day" in the state. This was a school day devoted to teaching public school students about appreciation for the impact of wild birds in the state and about proper treatment, protection and propagation.

Moved from main article about Floyd L. Jackson. The above should be checked against the existing John B. Doolin article to see if it is correct for the Oklahoma Justice by the same name. If not, this section ay be deleted. Bruin2 (talk) 19:48, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Oklahoma Worker Compensation law
The concept behind worker compensation laws was first introduced to modern government by Otto von Bismarck, who wrote "The Emperor's Liability Law" in the country of Prussia in 1871. He coupled this with a speech titled Practical Christianity, where he made a moral, religious and practical case for requiring employers to compensate workers who were hurt on the job. Author Burke continued to trace the evolution of worker compensation to other parts of the industrializing world (e.g., England in 1880, the United States - especially after President Theodore Roosevelt and the "muckrakers" of the early 1900s, and finally to the new state of Oklahoma in 1915. After much debate, in 1915, the Oklahoma Legislature finally enacted a law to reimburse the workers via an insurance plan. It was signed by Governor Robert L. Williams.

The 1915 Oklahoma law included a statement that it covered only workers engaged in "hazardous employment." The State Industrial Commission (SIC), which was responsible for paying claims, took a very broad view of what was meant by the phrase. This lead to numerous lawsuits over denied claims that eventually came before the Oklahoma Supreme Court. After the court denied the claim of a county highway worker who was injured in an automobile accident while driving to assist the county engineer in the work of surveying a highway. The SIC had ruled that the claim was valid and even added "engineering works" to the list of hazardous occupations. The court refused to accept the SIC ruling as acceptable.

Janet K. Levit
Janet Koval Levit (normally known as Janet K. Levit) is currently the Interim President of the University of Tulsa. She previously served as Senior Vice President and Provost of TU. Her predecessor as president of the school was Dr. Gerard Clancy, a psychiatrist and dean of the Oklahoma University - Tulsa School of Medicine.

She attended Princeton University in 1990, earning an M. A. (magna cum laude) from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University (with a concentration in Latin American Studies). In 1994, she earned the J. D. from Yale Law School, where she was book reviews and articles editor of the Yale Journal of International Law. then earned a M.A. in International Relations in 1994 from Yale University. After law school, she served as law clerk for the chief judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. "Janet Levit, J. D." The University of Tulsa Faculty and Adjuncts. 2020.

Your first article (link)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Your_first_article

DYK for Geoffrey Orsak
Did you know ... that Geoffrey Orsak was dismissed as President of Tulsa University just 74 days after he began his term. The TU Board of Trustees never explained the cause of the abrupt termination. This became the shortest term any TU president has ever served in that office to date.

DYK for C. I. Pontius
Did you know that ...C. I. Pontius was appointed President of Tulsa University (TU) in 1935, though he had no experience at leading a university. He was an experienced business man and banker, with a bachelor's degree in agriculture, and the TU Trustees felt he could keep the school solvent. He succeeded and remained as president for 21 years, the longest term in TU's history.