User:Brunswicknic/Articles/M. lilacinum

Archidendron clypearia is a tree or shrub in the Fabaceae family.

Taxonomy
This species has four infraspecifics, two subspecies and two varieties. They are:
 * Archidendron clypearia subsp. clypearia (the autonym subspecies)
 * Archidendron clypearia subsp. subcoriaceum (Thwaites) I.C.Nielsen
 * Archidendron clypearia var. sessiliflorum (Merr.) I.C.Nielsen
 * Archidendron clypearia var. velutinum (Merr. & L.M.Perry) I.C.Nielsen

The species was named in 1979 by Ivan Christian Nielsen (1946–2007), who published the descripton in the journal Adansonia; recueil (périodique) d'observations botaniques (Paris). This naming was based on previous work by the Scots botanist and surgeon William Jack (1795–1822), who worked in London, India and Sumatera. He described the taxa Inga clypearia in 1822, publishing in Malayan Miscellanies (Bencoolen/Benkulen). The subspecies subcoriaceum, and the varieties sessiliflorum and velutinum were named in 1985 by Neilsen, publishing the descriptions in the journal Opera Botanica a Societate Botanica Lundensi (Lund, Copenhagen). The subspecies subcoriaceum naming was based on the work of the English botanist George Henry Kendrick Thwaites (1811–1882), who was superintendent of the now Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka from 1849 to 1879. He published a description of Pithecellobium subcoriaceum. The variety sessiliflorum naming was based on the the work by U.S. botanist Elmer Drew Merrill (1876–1956), who described the taxa Pithecellobium sessiliflorum. Merrill and his colleague, Canadian-U.S. botanist Lily May Perry (1895–1992), described the taxa Pithecellobium clypearia var. velutinum, on which Neilsen based the variety velutinum above.

Description
The species grows as a shrub or tree, that may or may not climb on other plants. The autonym subspecies (subsp. clypearia) is a free standing shrub or tree, while the subcoriaceum subspecies is a free-standing tree. The species grows from 10m to 15m tall. The angulate branchlets have dense yellow hairs. The petiole of the leaf is quadrangulate and has, as does the leaf rachis, flat or hollow glands. The densely yellow-haired leaves are bipinnate, with usually 4 or 5 pairs of pinnae (rarely as few as 3 and as many as 8), with 3-6 pairs of leaflets in lowermost pinna, uppermost pinna having some 10-12 pairs of leaflets. The subsessile leaflets are shiny on the upper surface, oblique, rhombic-trapezoid in shape and some 1-7 by 0.7-3cm in size, with uppermost leaflet largest and getting smaller downward, they are leathery, both surfaces are slightly-brown and smooth, the base is very unequally sided. The flowers occur in corymbs, with several flowers, arranged in either terminal or axillary panicles. The flowers are on stalk, with a campanulate calyx some 1-3mm with 5 teeth. The corolla is white to yellowish, 4-5mm in size with lanceolate lobes. Both calyx and corolla are dense brown villous, Stamens are about twice as long as the corolla with the staminal tube about the same length as the corolla tube. The hairy ovary is on a stipe/stalk. The seed pod/legume is twisted, some 1-1.5cm wide, the margin constricts between the seeds. There are some 4-10 black, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal seeds, about 1cm in length, when dry the testa/skin is wrinkled. In Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia, the species flowers all year round. In Zhōngguó/China flowering occurs from February to June, while fruiting is from April to August. In Kerala, southern India, flowering is from December to May.

Characteristics that distinguish this species from other Archidendron are: that the legume/seed-pod is contorted; 2-8 pairs of pinnae with opposite leaflets; angulate branchlets.

Seed dry mass ranges from 51 to 260mg, while wood density ranges from 26 to 37g/cm3 (average about 32g/cm3).

The plant is recorded as having extrafloral nectaries, that is nectar-secreting glands outside of the flowers. In this plant they occur on the rachises.

Growth rings are not apparent in the polished wood at macroscopic examination from trees sourced from the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia.

Distribution
The species is native to an area in northern Australian continent to tropical and subtropical Asia, from the island of New Guinea through Wallacea/Island Southeast Asia to Mainland Southeast Asia, Zhōngguó/China and the Indian subcontinent. Countries and regions in which the species grows are: Papua Niugini (Eastern New Guinea); Indonesia (West Papua, Maluku Islands, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Jawa, Sumatera); Philippines; Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Taiwan; Laos; Myanmar; India (Nicobar Islands, Andaman Islands, Assam, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Western Ghats); Bangladesh; East Himalaya; Nepal; and Sri Lanka.

The autonym subspecies is native to an area of tropical Asia from Jawa to south Zhōngguó/China and Nepal. Countries and regions in which it grows are: Indonesia (Kalimantan, Jawa, Sumatera); Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Taiwan; Laos; Myanmar; India (Nicobar Islands, Andaman Islands, Assam); Bangladesh; East Himalaya; and Nepal.

The subcoriaceum subspecies is native to Sri Lanka and south India.

The variety sessiliflorum is native to an area of Malesia and Southeast Asia, from Jawa to Thailand and the Philippines. Countries and regions in which it occurs are: Indonesia (Jawa, Sumatera, Kalimantan); Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia); Thailand; and Philippines.

The velutinum variety is native to an area from the north of the Australian continent to Sulawesi. Countries and regions that it grows in are: Papua Niugini (Eastern New Guinea); and Indonesia (West Papua, Maluku Islands, Sulawesi).

Habitat and ecology
The species in Zhōngguó/China grows in forests at between 500 to 1800m above sea level. In India the taxa is found at the edges of mountain evergreen forests at the high altitudes of 1300 to 2200m. In western Malesia the species is limited to lowland tropical peatlands. The species is insect pollinated, and birds disperse the seeds widely after eating the fruit.

The Merauke and Mappi Regencies of the southeast of West Papua have a variety of peatlands. This taxa is important in the community near the Khanami Village plot, Assue District, Mappi Regency, sharing dominance with Semecarpus forstenii, Campnosperma auriculatum, and Macaranga sp.

Growing in the Pono valley within the Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, at an elevation of 1050m, the species grows with a dbh] greater than 10cm. The site is in a sub-montane old-growth forest on ferralsol developed on metapmorphic rocks, with level terrain about mid-slope. Plants in the [[Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Sapotaceae, Moraceae and Euphorbiaceae dominate the vegetation community.

In Samboja Lestari, a vegetation restoration area dedicated to Bornean orangutans, there were areas of Imperata grasslands from anthropogenic burning. In the communities that pioneer these areas up to 9 years following burning is this taxa, A. clypearia. Rainfall is some 2250mm a year, with the wet season running from December to May. Driest month has only 132mm of rain, with the wettest getting some 231mm. Temperatures range from 23° to 31° Celsius, high humidity. Soils are formed on marine sediments and classified as acrosols, with low nutrient levels and pH between 4-09 and 4.55.

This plant is one of the food plants of Rusa unicolor (Sambar deer) in East Kalimantan.

Primary and secondary forest, coastal areas, forest-mangroves, swamps, peat swamps and kerangas-forest are vegetation communities in Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia, where this taxa is a member of the lower layer in the canopy.

On the Đà Lạt Plateau and other uplands of southern Vietnam, this tree is a frequent subcanopy member of the montane pine forests, dominated by Pinus kesiya. A. clypearia is usually found in shrub-thickets in this relatively high-fire frequency community.

Dieback has been observed in Zhōngguó/China, with the fungus Fusarium oxysporum identified as the cause. The beetles Xyleborus affinis were associated with infected tissue.

At elevations of 1000 to 2000m in Xiangkhouang province, Laos, there are Fagaceae and Lauraceae dominated forests, with the following species in the canopy: Bischoffia javanica, Castanopsis fleuryi, Castanopsis hystrix, Castanopsis indica, Cinnamomum cassia, Litsea sebifera, and Machilus odoratissima. Also present below the canopy were Betula alnoides, A. clypearia, and Sapium discolor, all light-demanding species, indicating that human activity may have opened large gaps in the canopy.

The plant is eaten by the butterflies and moth Eurema hecabe, Hypopyra feniseca, Polyura athamas and Pantoporia paraka and is a host for the Diatrypaceae fungus Eutypella bakeri.

A patch of "natural" forest in the Mae Chaem District, natural in that it has not been subject to swidden agricultural clearing, though tree extraction has been carried out, has a 10m high canopy dominated by A. clypearia subsp. clypearia, Castanopsis spp., Magnolia bombycina, Schima wallichii and Styrax benzoides. The site is on slopes near cultivated fields at 1261m elevation.

The autonym subspecies, subsp. clypearia, is found in choams (Khmer, permanently inundated evergreen swamp forests) of northern Stung Treng Province, Cambodia, occurring in both seasonally and permanently inundated areas. The canopy of the choam is dominated by Eugenia, Myristica, Ficus, Litsea, Pternandra and Macaranga. The autonym subspecies is a sub-dominant canopy species, with the canopy about 30-35m and the autonym growing to about 15-20m.

Conservation
The species is rated as of Least Concern by the IUCN Red List, as it has a wide distribution, a large population and there are no current nor foreseeable major threats directly impacting the taxa. However ongoing decline in mature individuals, and decrease in areas, extent and qualities of habitat are present, meaning that there is some concern.

Vernacular names

 * tuba (Mappi Regency, West Papua)
 * aing (East Kalimantan)
 * tempilih tiong (Dayak people, Uut Murung district, Murung Raya Regency, central Kalimantan)
 * tatampak (Dayak people), kedengkang (Malay language)(Sekabuk village, Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan)
 * jengkol hutan, anup-anup, jerung, kangkat rangkat, kelayung, petai kerayung, tambilit (Sumatera and Borneo)
 * cho tu mae (Karen language, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand)
 * trônum kâmphe:m (doëm) (="perch of the kâmphe:m beetle, Khmer language)
 * man dia (Vietnamese language)
 * 猴耳环, hou er huan Standard Chinese
 * thorekana, rhasahu (Assamese language)
 * malai-vagai, mazhavagai (Tamil language)
 * pulivaka, mazhavaka, attha berantha (Malayalam)
 * mimini-mara

Uses
The taxa is used in domestic contexts and for the tannins in its bark (in leather manufacture, &c.). The autonym subspecies (Archidendron clypearia subsp. clypearia) is recorded as being used for chemical products, domestic use, fibres and medicines. Ethnomedical use of the plant is recorded in Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam, involving treatment to "detoxify", to cool, to reduce edema and for diarrhoea.

Amongst people living in the Mappi Regency, West Papua, people use the "wood skin", presumably wood bark (as differentiated from "stem skin"/bark), as a fish poison and in ethnomedicine.

In East Kalimantan a red dye is extracted from the tree and is used to create motifs on bark-cloth for garments.

The leaves are used for tanning and coloring rattan in Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia.

Amongst Karen people, living in Chiang Mai Province, northeastern Thailand, the species is used for firewood, as a source of gunpowder (the leaves are burnt and milled) and as a poultice to treat burns and blisters (again burning the leaves and milling them).

The leaves and bark of the taxa are used in Cambodia to dye cloth black, and the dried and pulverized leaves are used in poultices applied to wounds.

The tree is a potential rich source of tannin, the bark yields 15% tannin, leaves 12%, however the trees are rarely used in Vietnam to procure tannin as they tend be scattered in location.

In Zhōngguó/China traditional medicine uses the species to treat "heat toxicity symptoms". In India, use as a folk-medicine is recorded.

Extracts from the tree have been shown to include a Xanthine oxidase inhibitor.