User:Btn0238/Michelangelo Phenomenon

Overview
The Michelangelo phenomenon describes a three step process where close partners shape each other so as to bring forth one another’s ideal selves. This ideal self is conceptualized as a collection of an individual’s “dreams and aspirations” or “the constellation of skills, traits, and resources that an individual ideally wishes to acquire.” These span different domains, such as one’s profession, relationship, health, personality. An example of an ideal self is one that includes “completing medical school, becoming more sociable, or learning to speak fluent Dutch.” This is different from the actual self, which consists of attributes the self currently possesses and the ought self, which consists of attributes the self feels obligated to possess. Note that in this article, the "self" refers to a specific, target individual.

This phenomenon is significant given that the self does not experience growth in complete isolation of the influence of others. Yet, prior to 1999, much research on self growth consisted of examining individual processes. Research into the influence of others was neglected, even though those with whom the self interacts most regularly can lead to more constant, stable changes in disposition and behavior. The general topic of growth is itself worth studying given that people are motivated to work toward it.

The three core parts of the phenomenon are as follows: partner perceptual affirmation, partner behavioral affirmation, and self-movement toward the ideal self.

Components of the model
Partner affirmation appears in the model as two different parts. Partner affirmation names how partners bring about aspects of the ideal self from the self. Partner perceptual affirmation describes how a partner’s views of the self aligns with the self’s view of their ideal self. A partner will show greater partner perceptual affirmation if they believe the self to be, or to be capable of being, the ideal self. In other words, Jay will show more perceptual affirmation if he sees his partner Kaylee, whose ideal self includes being competent as piano, as actually competent at piano or as capable of being competent at piano. Partner behavioral affirmation describes how a partner acts in a way that aligns with the ideal self. A partner, such as Jay, will show more partner perceptual affirmation if they act in a way such that Kaylee’s ideal self can come forward, such as if he drives Kaylee to piano lessons. Self-movement toward the ideal self describes how the distance between the self and ideal self closes. Kaylee will experience self-movement toward the ideal self when she becomes more competent at piano.

These three components come together under two hypotheses which are part of the Michelangelo phenomenon. The partner affirmation hypothesis says that the more a partner’s view of the self aligns with the ideal self, the more that partner will act in a way to bring out that ideal self. For example, the more Jay views Kaylee as being competent at piano, the more he will do things to elicit that view by way of positively enforcing her piano achievements or supporting her piano lessons. The movement toward ideal hypothesis says that the more the partner behaves in a way aligned with the ideal self, the more the self will become more like their ideal self. The more Jay acts in a way that aligns with Kaylee’s ideal self of being competent at piano, the more Kaylee will increasingly become competent at piano.

Variations in sculpting and related phenomena
The previous section hinted at what counts as affirming behaviors. To add to this, other more general examples of ideal-self-affirming behaviors a partner can enact includes expressing approval of the self’s efforts toward goals and offering support such as strategy improvement tips.

The affirming behaviors fall under three types: retroactive selection, preemptive selection, and situation selection.

Note that not all of a partner's acts to reinforce certain qualities counts as affirming or, to be more specific, ideal-self-affirming. Exploring related phenomena can further clarify what partner affirmation is not. Partner enhancement is when a partner acts in a way that is more so positive than reflective of objective reality. For example, Jay acts toward Kaylee as if she is the best piano player, even if the average piano instructor would rate her as simply decent at piano. There is partner verification, which involves the partner reinforcement of qualities that the target, or self, believes to be true already. An example would be if Jay laughs at Kaylee's jokes and, subtly, reinforces the conception she has of herself as a funny person.

Note that on another part of this spectrum, a partner may not affirm the self’s ideal and may instead reinforce an ideal that does not belong to the self or that is the opposite of the self’s ideal. This might happen if Jay supported, for example, Kaylee's endeavors in binge drinking, a high-risk behavior antithetical to her ideal self as a healthy person.

There is also the Pygmalion phenomenon, where the partner attempts to sculpt the target to align with their ideals rather than the target’s ideals. For example, this would occur if Jay, who differently from Kaylee seeks to be a regular voter, behaves in a way to draw out that quality of consistent voting behavior in Kaylee.

Factors impacting the Michelangelo phenomenon
Several different factors relating to attributes of either the individual (the self) and the individual’s partner (the partner) contribute varying effects on various components of the phenomenon.

Ideal similarity
Ideal similarity can be defined as the alignment of a partner to the self’s ideal self. Higher ideal similarity means there is a greater match between the partner’s attributes and the ideal self’s attributes. Higher ideal similarity is linked to higher partner affirmation, self movement toward the ideal self, and couple well being, vitality, adjustment.

The effects of ideal similarity go beyond the realm of close partners as well. When individuals, or targets, were exposed to an experimental partner who was manipulated to resemble the targets' ideal selves, their perceptions of themselves and their partners increased such that targets thought themselves to be more capable of moving toward their ideal self and that partners were not only more affirming in the targets' minds, but were more attractive and generally more desirable interaction partners.

Locomotion vs assessment orientations
These two traits revolve around multiple parts of goal pursuit, including selection of the goal, evaluation of the goal, and pursuit of the goal. Locomotion orientation describes the inclination of an individual to take action to reach their goals. Those more inclined toward locomotion tend to focus on quickly accomplishing realistic goals and tend to have more positive affect. Assessment orientation describes the inclination of an individual to focus more so on evaluation in their goal pursuit, rather than action. Those more inclined toward assessment tend to focus on dissecting goals, analyzing how to obtain those goals and tend to have more negative affect as well as more sensitive to how far they have to go to reach their goals.

An individual’s orientation impacts processes in the Michelangelo phenomenon. The orientation not only impacts the target’s goal selection and pursuit, but how their partner affirms the target in their efforts and how the target affirms their own partner in their efforts. Specifically, individuals with locomotion orientations, as opposed to assessment orientations, seem more receptive to being sculpted; those with assessment orientations seem less receptive to being sculpted. As the partners who are sculpting, partners with locomotion as opposed to assessment orientations reported being more affirming of their partners’ goal pursuits such that the targets were perceived to experience greater movement toward their ideal self.

Other individual attributes
Rusbult et al. (2005) speculate that there are three individual attributes which lead to increased self-movement toward the ideal self. These include insight or a solid construction of one’s ideal and actual self, ability which includes skills and attributes like goal-relevant planning that are relevant to pursuit of the goal, and motivation to reach the goal, which includes commitment toward achieving the goal.

Couple well being
Drigotas et al (1999) found support for their couple well being hypothesis, which states that greater self movement toward the ideal self is linked to greater functioning and health within the couple. Partner affirmation is generally beneficial to relationships as it increases perceived responsiveness, which increases the self’s trust in their partner and the self’s commitment.

There is also a benefit Drigotas et al. (1999) found where, across four studies, individuals who helped sculpt their partners to resemble the partner’s ideal selves experienced movement towards their own ideal self as well. With Jay and Kaylee, this might look like Jay experiencing becoming more like his ideal of being a supportive teammate the more he helps Kaylee attain her ideal self.

Individual well being
Drigotas found support that the Michelangelo phenomenon is strongly linked to personal well-being across varied dimensions such as life satisfaction, self esteem, and loneliness. The distance between our actual self, or current attributes, and ideal self impacts emotions such that a smaller distance engenders joy and a larger distance engenders emotions like sadness. Further, it is the specific aspect of partner behavioral affirmation that predicts personal well being, and not the general relationship satisfaction that comes about as an effect of processes in the Michelangelo phenomenon.