User:Buckshot06/Special Control Service

The Special Control Service (SCS, direct English transliteration – SSK) is an autonomous intelligence organization within the main structure of the 12th Chief Directorate of the Ministry of Defence (Russia), and previously of the Ministry of Defence of the USSR. It is also known as a “v/ch 46179”, or “the Special Control Service of the Defense Ministry”, (in Russian: “Служба Специального Контроля Министерства Обороны” or, shortly, “Служба Спец. Контроля МО”, or “CCK” – in English transliteration – “SSK”, or by its coded Military Unit Number 46179 (v/ch 46179). Sometimes it is also referred to as “atomic intelligence” or “nuclear intelligence” of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

Structure and tasks
The Special Control Service is tasked with gathering intelligence on nuclear weapons and particularly on nuclear testing of various adversaries of the former USSR by all means – ranging from six technical control methods to analyzing radio-intercepts and periodicals. For later reason there is quite a big number of military interpreters of various languages (mainly English, Chinese, and French) employed by this Service. Technical methods of detection of nuclear explosions are these: seismic-, aerosol-, ionospheric-, spectrographic-, infra-sound-, hydro-acoustic-, and magneto-telluric-.

The Special Control Service has its own network of military units, named “detection laboratories”, each headed by a Colonel, which are situated in many spots inside and outside of the Soviet Union and are all linked to the Service headquarters and to its computation centres by its own secure communication network which is totally independent from the communication network of the 12 Chief Directorate itself; this communication network also links the SSK headquarters directly to the Supreme Command headquarters, to the General Staff, to the Minister of Defence, to the GRU, to the 12 Chief Directorate Command Posts, to the Chemical Forces Command, and to Commands of all main branches of the Armed Forces. In the Soviet times the chief of the Special Control Service had a duty to report detected nuclear explosions directly to the highest political leadership of the state – the then Soviet Politburo. Currently a similar arrangement is made to report them directly to the Russian President. Commanding and operation officers of the SSK – either in their direct capacity, or in disguise – are often included into various groups, commissions, etc. representing Russia abroad when it comes to nuclear weapons/nuclear explosions control and other related matters.

Each SSK remote military unit (“detection laboratory”) is typically subdivided into:
 * operational duty command;
 * several groups, each performing detection of nuclear explosions by one of available technical methods;
 * SIGINT group that includes specialists in foreign languages for radio-intercepts analyse;
 * signal office centre;
 * universal time group;
 * cryptographic department;
 * computation centre;
 * various administrative and supporting services.

Locations of detection laboratories are carefully selected: normally all of them are situated on such spots of the Earth surface where it is easy to detect seismic signals coming from various parts of the worlds (calculations as to exact locations of such spots are based on the actual structure of the Earth’s lithosphere). The Special Control Service is especially effective when detecting underground nuclear explosions by seismic methods – it is capable of discriminating seismic signals of underground nuclear explosions as small as only a fraction of kiloton in TNT yield. For example, the SSK specialists managed to detect a nuclear explosion of only 0.1 kiloton (100 ton of TNT) under the 4th reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant only a second before an explosion of this reactor in 1986, known as the “Chernobyl disaster”, to make necessary analyses, and so to establish that it was not actually an “accident”, but a meticulously planned act of sabotage where a 0.1 kiloton Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM) was used (but since this scandalous finding was contradictory to an officially approved interpretation of events, it was restricted and shelved forever). The SSK also boasts to be first and the only services to successfully detect the 2006 North Korean nuclear test, which claims to be less than 5 kiloton in TNT yield.

The following apparatuses are used for nuclear explosions detection:


 * Nuclear Explosions Detection Station K-612-0 – produced by Tomsk OAO «REATON»;
 * Spectrometric Apparatus NPC “Aspect”;
 * ASSK «Materik» - Auto System of Seismic Control (NII of Impulse Techniques, Moscow city)

History
The Special Control Service was officially created as such only on 13 May 1958, but even before that date this Service existed in various forms. First it was created as the “Detachment of Special Observation” of the 2nd Department of the GRU. Then it was elevated in status and re-created as the “Department of Special Observation” of the 6th Directorate of the GRU. Then, in 1957, together with the entire 6th Directorate, it was detached from the GRU subordinated directly to the Defense Ministry where it was re-named into “Service of Special Observation of the Ministry of Defense”. Finally, on 13 of May, 1958 it was re-named into a Special Control Service, its current name. Due to some reshuffling of the Soviet Armed Forces was re and re-subordinated first to the Directorate of the Commander of the Chemical Forces (the then analogue of a standard ABC service in the Soviet Army), and then again – re-subordinated to the 12 Chief Directorate of the Defense Ministry.

Unlike servicemen of the 12 Chief Directorate who wear either gunnery uniforms or some other uniform, unrelated to their main duties for security reasons, all officers of the SSK wore only one kind of military uniform – an aviation one (although a few of them could be seen wearing black uniforms of naval aviation). This tradition of wearing aviation uniforms has survived in this Service from its beginning – first it was airplane-based flying laboratories used to collect various data from atmospheric atomic explosions of the 40s and 50s and since those times the Special Control Service had something to do with being airborne. The SSK main headquarters is located on 10, Matrosskaya Tishina st., Moscow –  within the same compound with headquarters of the military transportation aviation (its former carrier) and that of the Russian Airborne Troops (known in Russian as “VTA” and “VDV” correspondingly). In 1992 (at the moment of the USSR dissolution) the SSK comprised 11 separate and 3 radio-seismic laboratories, 4 automated and 3 automatic stations, 5 autonomous seismic posts and 10 remote groups. Besides, it was used various control airborne and seaborne facilities, as well as space-based facilities. 4 laboratories created in 1954. In Russian Federation - 18 laboratories.

Position of the chief of the Special Control Service supposed to be occupied by an officer holding a rank of Lieutenant-General, with one Major-General as his First Deputy and with one more Major-General as the Chief of the SSK’s main scientific research institute; the rest of the SSK commanding officers are Colonels. Altogether the Special Control Service has over 2 thousand commissioned officers and roughly 6 thousand of non-commissioned officers, soldiers, and civilians (not counting over 1.000 commissioned officers of scientific profiles working in its research institute).

Known Chiefs of the Special Control Service:
 * Major-General A.I. Ustiumenko 1958-1974
 * Lieutenant-General A.I. Suetin 1974-1985
 * Lieutenant-General M.L. Shmakov 1985-1988
 * Major-General G.G. Shidlovskiy 1988-1992
 * Major-General A.V. Rogojin 1992-1994
 * Major-General Y.V. Cherepanov 1994-1998

Officers (Cadres)
The main-profile SSK’s commissioned officers are officially named “military engineers – radio-geo-physics” – supplied by a special “nuclear detection” faculty of the military college in Serpukhov and by a special faculty of the Dzerjinski Military Academy. Military interpreters are supplied by Moscow Military Institute of Foreign Languages, sometimes - by civilian Universities and Institutes. Non-essential specialists (those commissioned and non-commissioned officers and soldiers who perform general tasks, unrelated to the main profile – such as computer specialists, communication engineers, cryptographers, administrative officers, etc.) could be supplied by other military colleges and academies. At Soviet times only members of Communist Party of the Soviet Union could be appointed to serve in the 12th GU MO or in any of its subordinated units, including its Special Control Service (even young conscripts who served there only two years without actually knowing anything at all about nuclear weapons profile of their military units must obtain special security clearance and must necessarily be members of the Communist Union of Youth, aka “Komsomol”).

Structure of the Special Control Service
The Special Control Service consists of its Headquarters and remote Laboratories:
 * v/ch 46179 Moscow, Rubcovsko-Dvorcovaya street, 2 (also Matrosskaya Tishina street, 10), created 13.05.1958 as a part of the GRU; formal name: 170th Operational-Coordination Center (170th OKC) of the Special Control Service of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR.
 * v/ch 63679 Moscow, Matrosskaya Tishina street, 10 / Sergiev Posad p.Sharapovo – Command Post /Reserved Command Post SSK – detached from the main SSK headquarters (v/ch 46179) into a separate operational unit in 1987. Composition: 844th Command Post if the 170th Operational-Coordination Center SSK, Reserve Command Post SSK, 1056th Main and Reserved Signal Office Centres SSK, main and reserved computer centres SSK, and also a radio-transmitting centre, remote seismic post and remote group of universal time in p.Sharapovo (three later formerly belonged to the Podolsk SSK Laboratory)


 * Malin – Ukrainian SSK Laboratory, Jitomirskaya Oblast
 * v/ch 14167 Makarov-1 Ukrainian 12th SSK Laboratory, Kievskaya Oblast
 * v/ch 54286 Maili-Sai – Kirgiz SSK Laboratory; created in 1974
 * Norilsk – Krasnoyarsk SSK Laboratory
 * p. Khabaz – ASP
 * v/ch 22158 p.Borovoe – Kazakh SSK Laboratory (from 1974)
 * v/ch pp 76515 Ulan-Bataar – Mongolian SSK Laboratory (Expeditionary Group) (from 1974; disbanded)
 * v/ch 86665 Bilibino, Chukotka
 * v/ch 14024 Kamenets-Podolski-16; from1994 till 2004 – Ukrainian SSK Laboratory, from 2004 - PN, Khmelnitskaya Oblast
 * v/ch 14053 Semipalatinsk – Kazakh 9th SSK Laboratory
 * v/ch ....... Aktubinsk – Kazakh separate SSK group
 * v/ch 13987 railway station Stolbovaya, Moscow Oblast – Podolsk SSK Laboratory
 * v/ch 14169 Balta, Odessa Oblast – Ukrainian SSK Laboratory (SSK Training Center)
 * v/ch 26154 Priozersk – SPb SSK Laboratory
 * v/ch 29475 p.Urgal-2 (BAM region) – Khabarovsk SSK Laboratory
 * v/ch 30030 Lensk p.Peleduy – Yakutsk SSK Laboratory
 * v/ch 41007 Ussuriysk p.Grigorievka, Lermontova 33 – Primorsk. SSK Laboratory
 * v/ch 41056 Kirov p.Bakhta + p.Khaibulino (Bashk.) – Kirov SSK Laboratory (created in 1954)
 * v/ch 41094 Yujno-Sakhalinsk-5 p.Sputnik-2 – Sakhalinsk. 3rd SSK Laboratory (created in 1954)
 * v/ch 41097 P-K p.Rodygino – Kamchatka SSK Laboratory + remote seismic post “Nachiki” in p.Tundrovyi
 * v/ch pp 42626 Sukhumi p.Nijniaya Eshera + p.Kheivani – 24th Abkhazian SSK Laboratory (created in 2000 as v/ch 96211)
 * v/ch 77031 Zarinsk p.Zalesovo – Altay SSK Laboratory
 * v/ch 96211 Dubna p.Alexandrovka, NCD (created in 1988)
 * v/ch 31650 Moscow Rubcovsko-Dvorcovaya street, 2 – NII SSK (SSK scientific research institute). Removed from the SSK headquarters (v/ch 46179) subordination and re-subordinated directly to the 12th Chief Directorate (v/ch 31600) in 1988.
 * Cuba, Lurdez – autonomous seismic post SSK
 * Antarctica – autonomous seismic post SSK

Sources and references

 * National Strategic Intelligence and Control Systems (in Russian) – about Special Control Service
 * Why Ukraine has so big ears? (in Russian) – about Special Control Service