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The human overpopulation in China refers to the number of resources required by the number of people in that geographical area that exceeds the local environmental carrying capacity.

Since 1950, China has been the most populous country in the world. China’s population has increased significantly since the middle of the twentieth century. From 546 million people in 1950 to the end of 2018, China’s population reached 1.415 billion, ranking first in the world, accounting for 18% of the world's total population. Such a large population poses a threat to the environment and puts pressure on local resources.

History
Starting from the Zhou Dynasty, the state attaches great importance to the statistics of population figures and has set up special organs and personnel to carry out population management. During the Qin Dynasty (about 210 BC), the population was about 20 million. In the Ming Dynasty the population developed further, the population had reached 197 million in 1600. The country’s population exceeded 400 million for the first time in the Qing Dynasty (1834).

After the founding of China in 1949, the country entered a period of severe population growth. As a result of the rapid decline in mortality and the maintenance of high birth rates, the population increased by 112,000,000 between 1964 and 1953. In the 1960s, after three years of natural disasters, China's population growth has not slowed down but has continued to grow. By 1970, the total population had reached 830million, a net increase of nearly 200 million people from 1960. China began to implement the one-child policy in 1979, reducing fertility rates control the growing population. The birth rate fell from more than 30% in the early 70 to less than 20% in the early 90. But this does not affect the stagnation of population expansion, on the contrary, in the case of low growth rates, China's population is still expanding due to its large population base, and in 1985 exceeded 1 billion. January 1, 2016, China ended its 37-years policy of one-child. This means that every woman can have two children. As a result, there was an increase in the number of births in 2016 and 2017.

Expectation
It is predicted that the Chinese population will continue to grow and know that the peak reached 1,441,181,813 in 2030.

Urban growth
From a demographic perspective, urbanization refers to the increase in the proportion of the urban population in the country's population. In 1950, China's urban population accounted for 13% of the total population. As of 2017, 58.52% of the population already lives in the city. The United Nations predicted in 2018 that the urban population will increase to 80% by 2050.

Shanghai and Beijing as the two of the largest ten cities in the world, have 25.58 million and 19.61 million people respectively and will rise to 32.86 million and 24.11 million in 2030. It is the migration of people and the expansion of urban areas that increase the speed of this urbanization. China currently has 102 cities with a population of more than one million, and by 2025, this will increase to 221 cities.

Infant mortality


During the twentieth century, mortality was greatly reduced by strengthening health, improving nutrition and adopting scientifically based medical practices. The infant mortality rate in China has been declining from 41.7% in 1990 to 1.2% in 2015. China took 52 years from 1940 to 1992 for child mortality to fall from every 3rd child (1-in-3) dying before they are for years old to every 20th child (1-in-20).

The country’s income level is related to child mortality, and the higher the mortality rate of children in poorer countries. The growing wealth of individuals and governments in China has allowed babies to enjoy better medical conditions, thereby reducing infant mortality. As the risk of neonatal death in China is greatly reduced, the number of neonatal deaths in China has fallen from second place to fourth place.

Son preference
Due to ingrained Confucian values and patriarchal ideas, some Chinese parents prefer the son to daughter and want their son to be their first child. Under the influence of the son's preferred social norms, the parents with sons are psychologically more satisfied, and their son preferences are strengthened, which has a stronger tendency of son preference and gender selection behavior. The consequence of this phenomenon is that it directly leads to an imbalance in the proportion of males and females. Since the 1980s, China's sex ratio at birth has begun to deviate from the internationally recognized normal range. In 1986, China introduced a series of laws and regulations to ban gender testing and sex-selective abortion. However, the sex ratio at birth in China continued to rise, reaching a peak of 120.56 percent in 2005. By the end of 2018, the sex ratio of the total population was 104.64 (100 females). In China, the family whose first child is a girl is likely to have more children until they have a boy. Before the 1980s, people realized their desire to have a son mainly by having more children.

Population aging
Population aging refers to the dynamics of a corresponding increase in the proportion of the total population as a result of the decline in the number of young people and the increase in the number of older persons due to lower population fertility and longer life expectancy. According to the classification standard set by the United Nations in 1956, when the population of a country or region aged 65 or above accounts for more than 7% of the total population, it means that the country or region is aging. Since 1990, China’s fertility rate has been below the level required for normal population turnover, China entered an aging society in 2000. In 2015, the population over 60 years of age exceeded 222 million, representing 16.15% of the total population. By 2020, the elderly population is expected to reach 248 million and the level of aging will reach 17.17%, with 30.67 million of the elderly over 80 years of age. By 2025, the population over the age of 60 will reach 300 million, becoming an ultra-old country. The increase in life expectancy is one of the main causes of aging and it also affects the total population of China. The increase in life expectancy has laid the foundation for the rapid growth of the Chinese population. China’s life expectancy in 1967 is 54 years. If the average life expectancy in 2017 is 54 years, then China’s population in 2017 is 1081991546. However, due to the increase in life expectancy, the actual total population in 2017 was 139.008 million.

Resources
Overpopulation depends not only on the size or density of the population but also on the ratio of population to available sustainable resources. It also depends on how resources are managed and allocated throughout the population.

Water
Water is an irreplaceable resource for the survival and development of human society. It maintains close contact with people’s production and life and contributes to people’s normal living water, production water, and clean and tidy society. It is one of the basic conditions for the sustainable development of human society. China’s huge population has brought arduous environmental challenges to the country. Water shortages and water pollution are among the most pressing issues.

China is a country with a severe drought and water shortage. China accounts for about 20% of the world’s population, but only accounts for 6% of global freshwater resources. China’s total freshwater resources are 2.8 trillion cubic meters, ranking fourth in the world. China’s per capita water resources were 2100 cubic meters, only 28% of the world’s per capita level. It is one of the 13 countries with the poorest water resources per capita in the world. As the population grows, China’s per capita water resources are expected to be reduced to 20% of the world’s per capita level. (16) the distribution of water resources in China is not uniform, and the per capita water resources in the North are one-third of that of the South. There are currently two-thirds water shortages in Chinese cities and about one-fourth severe water shortages. Among the 32 metropolitan areas in China with more than 1 million people, water demand in 30 regions is difficult to meet. China is the country with the most water consumption in the world. In 2002 alone, the national freshwater intake reached 549.7 billion cubic meters, accounting for about 13% of the world’s annual consumption, which is about 1.2 times that of the US freshwater supply of 470 billion cubic meters in 1995.

Zhongming Chen of the Ministry of Water Resources has stated that “Water resources development in some areas of China has approached and surpassed the carrying capacity of water resources.” China’s excessive development of water resources, such as the development and utilization of Yellow River Basin has reached 76%, the Huaihe River Basin has reached 53%, and the Haihe River Basin has exceeded 100%, which has exceeded its carrying capacity. The utilization of water resources by economic development in Beijing, Tianjin, Ningxia, Hebei, and Shanxi has greatly exceeded the water resources support the capacity of the region. In the North China Plain and the arid regions of Gansu and Ningxia, the population of this part is large, and the water resources in this province are scarce. The population size has exceeded the water resources supporting the capacity of the region.

With population growth, frequent industrial activities, and pollution of the social environment, the overall reserves of water resources are decreasing, and water shortages, ecological environment deterioration, and land desertification are occurring in some areas. Water shortages and pollution have exacerbated China's water quality problems. Industrial runoffs such as industrial and municipal wastewater discharges, fertilizers, and pesticides pollute rivers and groundwater throughout the country. More than 40% of rivers are heavily polluted and 80% of lakes are eutrophic.

Many factors have led to a shortage of water in China. The spatial and temporal distribution of water resources is inconsistent with the socio-economic demand for water, which leads to conflicts between water supply and demand. This kind of conflict is aggravated by economic development, population growth, and urbanization.

Food
Urbanization has increased the population of the region and increased disposable income, which has led to an increase in demand for food. China has surplus food in 2006, and it exported volume is 10 million tons. In recent years, the economy has grown at a high speed and the population has increased, resulting in a shortage of food. Since 2004, China’s agricultural imports have increased substantially. From 2004 to 2013, the actual value of China's agricultural imports increased by 275%, reaching $99 billion in 2013. Before 2007, China was an importer and exporter of wheat, rice, and corn. By 2012 China became a net importer of these three grains. Since 2013, China has imported more than 22 million tons of grain every year, and the food self-sufficiency rate has fallen to 86%. In the 40 years from 1975 to 2016, China's grain consumption increased from 125 million tons to 261 million tons. China's strong food demand reflects the rapid growth in per capita income and population. The increasing demand for food by the domestic population has led to China need to import more food to subsidize domestic food production. China’s food imports have grown from $6 million in 2005 to $300 million in 2015. China is also the largest importer of US agricultural products and a major buyer of Australian meat and wine. It is estimated that by 2030, China's total grain demand will reach 700 million tons, far lower than the domestic total grain output of 563 million tons.

China's grain production is affected by environmental pollution brought about by industrialization. Industrial pollution dominated by heavy metals has affected more than 13 million tons of crops in China.

Land
China's population accounts for 20% of the world's population, but only 9% of farmland. About 1 million hectares of agricultural land is used for urbanization each year in China. Between 1996 and 2006, China's emerging cities have swallowed about 9 million hectares of land. From 2001 to 2013, the total area of Chinese cities increased from 31,076 square kilometers to 80,887 square kilometers. The annual growth rate of the urban area is 13.36%, which is higher than the world average of 3.20%. During this period, large-scale urban expansion consumed 33,080 square kilometers of agricultural land. Land loss as a factor affecting food security and supply is affected by the human activity of urbanization. China's per capita arable land is 0.09 hectares, far lower than the world's per capita arable land of 0.194 hectares. To support 1.4 billion people, China has already faced enormous challenges in land scarcity. In the past 20 years, with the explosive growth of the economy and population, the accelerated urbanization process has further aggravated the shortage of agricultural land.