User:BusyBee03/sandbox

Currently in-progress

Future to-do
 * Climate change in Florida - add health impacts section
 * Need to add to Household energy insecurity:
 * Boateng GO, Balogun MR, Dada FO, Armah FA. Household energy insecurity: dimensions and consequences for women, infants and children in low- and middle-income countries. Soc Sci Med. 2020;258:113068. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113068
 * https://www.energy.gov/diversity/articles/households-color-continue-experience-energy-insecurity-disproportionately-higher
 * https://www.energy.senate.gov/services/files/075f393e-3789-4ffe-ab76-025976ef4954
 * https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac90d7
 * https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)00321-8.pdf


 * Create page on Low elevation coastal zone
 * Update Climate change in California
 * Add Climate change in New York (state) #Health impacts
 * Update rest of Climate change in Florida
 * Update: New York City Panel on Climate Change
 * Add page on Comparative Case Studies

= Jacob Riis Park - edits =


 * Potential photo to use (of Craig Rodwell from NYPL archives) https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/4490ff00-50ba-0132-863d-58d385a7bbd0 (copyright?: The copyright and related rights status of this item has been reviewed by The New York Public Library, but we were unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the item. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use.)

LGBTQ History
The easternmost end of the park’s beach, Bays 1 and 2, has been a site of LGBTQ gathering since at least the 1940s. While it was a “well-known destination for mostly white gay men to sunbathe and cruise" in the 1940s, lesbian women also began to gather nearby by the 1950s. In the 1960s, the beach became clothing optional and many people referred to it as “Screech Beach” in reference to its gay beachgoers. The beach remained clothing optional until July 3, 1983, when a state law banning bottomlessness went into effect. Despite the allowance for nudity, police were known to arrest people they deemed as men for wearing “too minimal” suits on the boardwalk.

1974 National Park Service (NPS)-sponsored fieldwork describes Bays 1 and 2’s population as predominantly white with a notable contingent of Black and Latinx beachgoers– with many Black gay beachgoers moving between Bays 1 and 2 and the boardwalk behind Bay 5, known as a site of historically Black gathering–while NPS fieldwork from 2000 reports a demographic shift to “a predominance of blacks and Hispanics” at Bay 1.

The beach continues to be of particular significance to queer and trans people of color. Pride in the City, a New York City Black pride event, was held at a softball field adjacent to Bay 2 in 2006, drawing a crowd of thousands. G.L.I.T.S., an organization dedicated to providing healthcare and housing to Black transgender people, organized Riis Pride at the beach in 2022.

Riis as an LGBTQ gathering space has been mentioned in several works of literature including Audre Lorde’s Zami,  Torrey Peters’ Detransition, Baby, and Sabrina Imbler’s How Far the Light Reaches.

Notable LGBTQ beachgoers include:


 * Harvey Milk, LGBTQ activist and icon, who met his partner of six years, Joe Campbell, at the beach in 1956
 * Audre Lorde, writer and activist, who wrote about going to the gay beach at Riis on summer Saturdays in the mid-1950s in her biomythography, Zami. A photo of her and her children there in the 1960s was featured in the exhibition, "Powerful and Dangerous: The Images and Words of Audre Lorde,” at Alice Austen House in 2021.
 * Ernestine Eckstein, activist and leader of the New York chapter of the Daughters of Bilitis
 * Joan Nestle, writer and founder of the Lesbian Herstory Archives, writes that going to Riis Park in the 1960s was her “deepest joy.”
 * Craig Rodwell, activist, who wrote of being arrested at Riis for a too-short bathing suit
 * Ms. Colombia, performer and LGBTQ icon, who also died at Bay 1.

The Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) refers to low-lying coastal areas with an elevation below a certain threshold, commonly 10 meters, above mean sea level. Globally, there is a substantial and growing population living in the Low Elevation Coastal Zone, which consists of approximately 2% of the world's land area and around 11% of the global population. The LECZ is an area of interest because it represents areas that are and will be vulnerable to impacts of flooding and sea level rise due to climate change.

Definition and Derivation
The term Low Elevation Coastal Zone was defined as "the contiguous area along the coast that is less than 10 metres above sea level" in a 2007 paper by McGranahan et al., although since then various elevation thresholds such as 5 meters have been used to define the LECZ for research purposes. The LECZ is derived using elevation data and also incorporates data on population density. The LECZ includes places on land with elevations below sea level, as well as areas of land that are above sea level but are below a specified threshold. It represents the population in a region that may be vulnerable to impacts of present and future flooding and sea level rise.

Estimates of the LECZ
The Low Elevation Coastal Zone has been estimated and mapped for the globe as well as for many countries, territories, and cities by the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center at Columbia University as part of NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (see maps here) as well as by researchers.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate includes a figure (Figure CB9.1) that is a global map of low-lying islands and coasts, including the LECZ and low-lying islands.

Global Estimates
The global population living in the Low Elevation Coastal Zone is substantial and growing. Estimates using 2010 and 2020 data estimate that approximately 11% of the world's population was living in low elevation areas below an elevation of 10 meters, compared to 10% based on 2000 estimates. As much as 13% of the world's urban population live in the LECZ based on 2000 estimates. The number of people living in the LECZ worldwide may reach 1 billion people by 2050.