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Biofuel Sector in India

Biofuel is generally regarded to be an alternative fuel for fossil fuels which are produced from biomass and waste and set to cause only fewer emissions than petroleum products. The biofuel produced from agricultural, plant, animal or industrial waste can be used as fuel to generate heat and electricity on various industrial processes and in the transportation sector as well. Biofuels are also a part of renewable sources of energy and are known to emit less greenhouse gas emissions when they are burned via engine and generally considered to be carbon-neutral fuels as the carbon emitted has been captured from the atmosphere by the crops used in production.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/20230203_Biofuel_Study.pdf https://www.iea.org/commentaries/india-could-triple-its-biofuel-use-and-accelerate-global-deployment

India’s Biofuel Potential

India is the world's third largest energy consumer, and oil accounts for quite a bit of its energy requirements, and remains extremely dependent on imports. India's proportion of global energy consumption is expected to double by 2050. Rising energy demand and excessive reliance on imports provide serious energy security problems. It also results in enormous foreign money outflows. Also, excessive usage of fossil fuels increases carbon emissions and raises health issues.

Biofuels are developing as a crucial pathway for decarbonizing fossil fuels and one of the most accessible ways to mitigate climate change. They provide an attractive proposal for both developing and industrialized countries seeking to accelerate the energy transition and balance energy security with carbon reduction, even as emerging renewables face hurdles.

The biofuel business is expanding rapidly, and while exact estimates differ depending on scenarios and assumptions, there is widespread agreement on its growing importance. Liquid biofuel output now stands at 3.901 EJ. In 2021, roughly 100 million liters of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) were produced. Globally, biogas production is approximately 778.75 GJ per year. The global biogas market was valued at USD 39 billion in 2022 and is expected to exceed USD 50 billion by 2026, with the majority of this growth occurring in the EMEA area.

https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/20230203_Biofuel_Study.pdf

National Biofuels Policy

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India formulated a National Policy for biofuels in the year 2009, though the first draft came to light in 2007. India relied heavily on foreign imports for fossil fuel requirements for its energy consumption. Hence, whenever there was a price fluctuation due to various factors in the world market, it affected the nation economically. To address this problem, India felt the strategic importance of biofuels and its significance. A decade later, the National Policy on Biofuels, 2018 clearly defined an aim to march forward with an indicative target to achieve 20% blending of biofuels with various relevant fossil based fuels by 2030. It also intended to concentrate on domestic feedstock for biofuel production and strengthen the energy infrastructure as well.

According to the policy, the biofuels are categorized as Basic biofuels or First Generation (1G) bioethanol & biodiesel, Advanced biofuels or Second Generation (2G) ethanol, including Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and drop-in fuels and Third Generation biofuels or Bio-CNG. The categorization aids in the extension of appropriate financial and fiscal incentives under each category.

The policy broadens the range of raw materials that are available to produce ethanol by enabling the use of sugarcane juice, sugar-containing materials such as sugar beets, starch-containing materials such as cassava, damaged food grains such as broken rice, and rotten potatoes that are unfit for human consumption.

The regulation enables excess food grains to be utilized to produce ethanol, which may then be blended with petrol. It's done to ensure that farmers receive a fair price for their crops during the surplus production phase. The Policy specifies a Rs.5000 crore viability gap finance plan for 2G ethanol biorefineries over 6 years, in addition to enhanced tax advantages and a higher purchasing price than 1G biofuels.

The policy focuses on advanced biofuels. It encourages the establishment of supply chain mechanisms for biodiesel production using non-edible oilseeds, spent cooking oil, and short gestation crops. It outlines all of the tasks and responsibilities of the relevant Departments/Ministries regarding biofuels in order to provide synergy in efforts.

The "National Policy on Biofuels - 2018" was notified by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas on June 4, 2018, succeeding the National Policy on Biofuels published by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy in 2009.

Amendments to the National Policy on Biofuels are being made in response to advancements in the field of biofuels, various decisions made in National Biofuel Coordination Committee (NBCC) meetings to increase biofuel production, recommendations from the Standing Committee, and the decision to advance the introduction of Ethanol Blended Petrol with up to 20% ethanol throughout the country beginning on April 1, 2023.

The following are the main amendments approved to the National Policy on Biofuels to allow more feedstocks for biofuel production, to advance the ethanol blending target of 20% blending of ethanol in petrol to ESY 2025-26 from 2030, to promote the production of biofuels in the country, under the Make in India program, by units located in Special Economic Zones (SEZ)/ Export Oriented Units (EoUs), to add new members to the NBCC, to grant permission for biofuel export.

Reference links: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1826265 https://www.iea.org/policies/17006-national-policy-on-biofuels-2022-amendment https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/skill-development/make-in-india

Bioethanol

Ethanol is a flammable, colorless liquid. When utilized as an alternative fuel, ethanol is simply known as bioethanol. Bioethanol is a popular motor fuel or gasoline addition that provides more "renewable" energy. Ethanol is derived from either petroleum or biomass. Bioethanol is the most commonly used term for ethanol derived from biomass. It is chemically equivalent to petroleum-derived ethanol.

Corn, switchgrass, sugarcane, algae, and other biomass are common feedstocks for bioethanol production. During fermentation, various species of yeast digest the sugars in the feedstocks. The method emits bioethanol and carbon dioxide. Ethanol is predominantly manufactured in Brazil, the United States, Europe, and South Africa.

Aside from alcoholic beverage production, ethanol is utilized as an alternate fuel to gasoline in internal combustion engines. It can be blended with gasoline in any amount, and all existing gasoline engines on automobiles can run with blends of up to 10% ethanol with gasoline. However, because ethanol has a lower energy density than gasoline, more ethanol (both in volume and mass) must be combusted to produce the same amount of energy. In fact, ethanol has 34% less energy per unit volume than gasoline, therefore 1.5 gallons of ethanol have roughly the same amount of energy as one gallon of gasoline.

Another advantage of ethanol is that it has a higher octane rating than gasoline, permitting engine designs with higher compression ratios, implying that ethanol-powered engines can be constructed to be more efficient. Although ethanol has less energy per gallon than gasoline, because the energy in the fuels is transferred to mechanical movements of the vehicle, the ethanol engine wastes less energy than a gasoline engine. An ethanol-only engine can be constructed for higher theoretical power output and thermal efficiency, which means that an ethanol-powered vehicle will perform better and consume less energy.

Furthermore, if bioethanol is utilized, the amount of carbon dioxide generated when ethanol is burned is offset by the CO2 gathered when crops are grown to produce ethanol. This varies from petroleum, which is derived from plants that developed millions of years ago. According to a life cycle analysis, corn-based bioethanol production and consumption reduces greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by up to 52% compared to gasoline production and use. Bioethanol use could lower GHG emissions by up to 86%.

In 2001, India began a trial program to incorporate ethanol into gasoline. Ethanol was created as a byproduct of sugarcane production.EBP was launched in January 2003. In 2006, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas instructed Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) to offer 5% EBP in 20 states and four Union Territories. Even though the project began early, it encountered numerous intrinsic problems, resulting in limited adoption and growth.

The ethanol industry is set for remarkable growth, increasing by 500% by the year 2025. This meteoric rise is underpinned by several key factors, including a projected spike in demand to 1016 crore liters, driven by a 20% blending level. As a result, the industry's value is anticipated to soar from its current standing at approximately 9,000 crore to an impressive 50,000 crore. To accommodate this surge, ethanol distillation capacity is expected to double, reaching an annual output of 1,500 crore liters. Moreover, governmental initiatives such as the financial assistance scheme introduced by DFPD during 2018-2022 are fueling efforts to bolster ethanol production capacity. Additionally, long-term agreements have been forged to establish dedicated ethanol capacity of 431 crore liters per annum, further solidifying the industry's growth trajectory. Furthermore, the utilization of an estimated surplus of 165 LMT of grain annually from 2025 to produce ethanol not only promises to meet rising demand but also presents an opportunity to inject around 42,000 crore into the pockets of farmers. Finally, the imminent launch of new vehicles compatible with E20 fuel from 2023, followed by flex fuel vehicles from 2024, is set to further propel the ethanol industry forward.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel https://mopng.gov.in/files/uploads/BPCL_Ethanol_Booklet_2023.pdf

Biodiesel

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be created from non-food sources such as waste oils and animal fats. The Indian government is prioritizing energy security, with the goal of reducing fossil fuel consumption and import burdens. Several projects have been launched to promote indigenous biofuel production as part of the Indian government's aggressive ambition to use 20% ethanol in petrol by 2025-26 and 5% biodiesel in diesel by 2030. Biodiesel blending remains a hard function due to a variety of challenges such as restricted availability and high feedstock prices, high biodiesel prices, a lack of integrated supply-chain management, and so on.

https://mopng.gov.in/en/refining/bio-diesal https://www.biodieseltechnologiesindia.com/futurebio.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_biodiesel_in_India

Biogas

Biogas is a renewable energy source in gaseous form, created from various raw materials like agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, and food waste. It's produced through a process called anaerobic digestion, where microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen inside a digester or bioreactor. The main components of biogas are methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), moisture, and siloxanes. This gas mixture can be used as a fuel for cooking, heating, and even to generate electricity and heat through combustion or oxidation processes, making it a versatile and eco-friendly energy option.

India has recognized the potential of biogas as a viable alternative to LPG and biomass burning, particularly in rural areas, for many years. Now, as India strives for net-zero emissions by 2070, the biogas sector is expected to play a crucial role in achieving this target and transitioning to a greener and more sustainable future. India's biogas market size was valued at USD 1.40 billion in 2021. The market is expected to grow from USD 1.47 billion in 2022 to USD 2.25 billion in 2029 at a CAGR of 6.3% in the 2022–2029 period. A recent report by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) highlights that India’s natural gas production stands at 34,000 million metric standard cubic meters of gas (MMSCM), while its consumption is at 64,000 MMSCM, resulting in a significant deficit of 30,000 MMSCM. This deficit, accounting for 47 percent of total consumption, is met through imports. The deficit in natural gas production and the need for imports can be addressed by compressed biogas (CBG), which offers nearly net-zero emissions and enhances energy security.

Compressed BioGas (CBG) or Bio-CNG can be produced from agricultural residue, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), cow dung etc. CBG can easily replace CNG. The Indian government has made the bio-manure produced in the plant as an additional source of revenue. The estimated capital expenditure for a 15 tonne per day CBG plant is around Rs.60-100 crores, depending on the feedstock and the land requirement of approx. 15 acres. Setting up of a Cogen plant by using Lignin (generated in 2G plant) & Biogas (CBG plant) can ensure continuous & reliable power supply to the Bio-Refinery.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas https://mopng.gov.in/files/uploads/BPCL_Ethanol_Booklet_2023.pdf