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History of Acoustical Holography

Acoustical holography developed out of optical holography. Thus people engaged in developing acoustical holography often reference the work of Dennis GaborRef. 1 who sought to improve the resolution of the electron microscope using holographic methods. Dennis Gabor received a Nobel Prize for this insight. Holography took another step forward when Leith and UpatnieksRefs.2&3 made use of a laser to produce holograms which, when illuminated with coherent light beam of simple wavefront, produced startlingly accurate three dimensional images. Leith and Upatnieks’ paper describing their work stimulated many researchers to apply holography to the imaging  of sound fields; the imaging of objects through which sound beams have passed or from which sound beams have been reflected.

Holography involves the interference  two beams. One of the beams interacts with the object being studied. This beam is called the object beam. The other beam has a simple wavefront such as a plane or a spherical wavefront. It is known as the reference beam. In some recording schemes the reference beam can be simulated by use of an electrical signal. Overlapping the reference beam with the object beam generates an interference pattern which we call a hologram. When the hologram is illuminated with a reconstruction beam an image of the object is produced. Rather than using a reconstruction beam the image may be constructed digitally using an appropriate algorithm and a computer.

The imaging using sound rather than light had immediate applications in medical imaging, nondestructive testing (NDT), geologic imaging and underwater imaging. Much of the early work in developing and applying acoustical (including ultrasonic) imaging is covered in books recording the proceedings of seven International Symposiums on Acoustical Holography. In addition the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Optical and Acoustical Holography are available in a book edited by Ezio Camatini. Medical applications are explored in a book entitled Ultrasonic Imaging and Holography which is the record of the papers given at the Third United States – Japan Science Cooperation Seminar on Ultrasonic Imaging and Holography. In addition, two books discussing the theory, general research and applications of acoustical holography are available. All of these books are listed below.

Initial International Symposia on Acoustical Holography

Volume 1       Papers presented at the First international Symposium on Acoustical Holography held at the Douglas Advanced Research Laboratories, Huntington Beach, California, December 14-15, 1967. Edited by A. F. Metherell, H. M. A. El-Sum and Lewis Larmore. Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1969

Volume 2        Papers presented at the Second International Symposium on Acoustical Holography held at the Douglas Advanced Research Laboratories, Huntington Beach, California,  March 6 - 7, 1969. Edited by A. F. Metherell, and Lewis Larmore. Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1970

Volume 3        Papers presented at the Third International Symposium on Acoustical Holography held at the Douglas Advanced Research Laboratories, Newport Beach, California, July, 1970. Edited by A. F. Metherell, Hycon Company, Monrovia, California. Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1971

Volume 4        Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Acoustical Holography and Imaging held at the University of California in Santa Barbara, California, April 10 – 12, 1972. Edited by Glen Wade. University of California,   Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1972

Volume 5        Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Acoustical Holography and Imaging held in, Palo Alto, California, July 18 – 20, 1973. Edited by Philip S. Green, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California. Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1974

Volume 6        Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Acoustical Holography and Imaging held in San Diego, California, February 4 - 7, 1975. Edited by Newell Booth. Naval Undersea Center, San Diego. Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1975

Volume 7        Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Acoustical Holography and Imaging held in Chicago, Illinios August 30 – September 1, 1976. Edited by Lawrence W. Kessler. Sonoscan, Inc., Bensenville, Illinois. Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1977

Other International Symposia on Acoustical Holography

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Optical and Acoustical Holography, Milan, Italy, May 24 – June 4, 1971 edited by Ezio Camatini. Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1972

The Third United States – Japan Science Cooperation Seminar on Ultrasonic Imaging and Holography, held at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii January 8 – 13, 1973. Edited by George W. Stroke, Winston E Kock, Yoshimitsui Kikushi, and Jumpei Tsujiuchi. Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1974. Sponsored jointly by the National Science Foundation and the Japon Society for the Promotion of Science. Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1974.

Comprehensive Texts

An Introduction to Acoustical Holography, by B. P. Hildebrand, Battelle Memorial Institue Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington and B. B. Brenden, Holosonics, Inc., Richland, Washington. .  Published by Plenum Press, New York, 1972. Rosetta Edition 1974.

Holographic Nondestructive Testing, Edited by Robert K. Erf, United Aircraft Research Laboratories, East Hartford, Connecticut. Published by Academic Press, New York and London, 1974

References

1.       D. Gabor ,”A New Microscopic Principle,” ''Nature (London) 161, 771 (1948); “Microscopy by Reconstructed Wavefronts,” Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A197, 454 (1949); “Microscopy by Reconstructed Wavefronts,” Proc. Phys, Soc. (London) B64, 449 (1951)''

2.      E. N. Leith and J. Upatniecks, “Reconstructed wavefronts and communications Theory,” J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 52, 1123 (1962); “Wavefront Reconstruction with Continuous-Tone Objects,” ibid. 53, 1377 (1963); “Wavefront Reconstruction with Diffused Illumination and Three Dimensional Objects,” ibid.54, 1295 (1964).

3.      E. N. Leith and J. Upatniecks, “Progress in Holography,” ''Phys. Today 25,'' 28 (1972)