User:Bzastrow/sandbox

PKD
The symptoms for paroxysmal diskinesogenic choreoathetosis are varied from case to case, however, typically they consist of involuntary movements. Such contractile movements include dystonia, chorea, athetosis, and ballism. For example, “Her attacks were characterized as sudden unilateral stiffness of upper and lower limbs followed by an involuntary extrarotation of the arm and leg.” Another frequently occurring symptom is the presence of an aura before the attack. These sensations manifest in several forms, usually described as a tingling in the target limb.

A single limb is the most frequently attacked area; however it is possible for an attack to affect more than one limb. When more than one limb is affected, the two limbs are usually unilateral, even though cases of bilateral symptoms have also been observed. Another frequently affected area is the torso, with some patients of PKD twisting their body.

Attacks experienced by patients of PKD typically last less than a minute, however longer attack can occur. To further distinguish between PKD and epilepsy, patients typically retain consciousness during their attacks, and are able to recall the attacks even after they have ended. Despite retaining consciousness, patients are usually incapable of speech during the attack. The frequency of attacks vary greatly. Some patients have been noted as having 100s of attacks per day, while others go months without an attack.

PNKD
The attacks are comprised of dystonia, chorea, and athetosis just like PKD. As well these attacks are mostly of the limbs, and are usually unilateral or asymmetric. What sets PNKD apart from PKD is that the attacks can last anywhere from 4 minutes to 4 hours, but shorter and longer attacks have been reported as well.

Similar to PKD, attacks of PNKD are characterized by dystonia, chorea, and athetosis. The attacks also affect the limbs, usually unilaterally but bilateral symptoms have also been experienced. Patients of PNKD usually report the presence of an aura before an attack as well; however they are usually different from those of PKD patients. Once again the aura varies, but is typically felt in the target limb. Another frequently noted aura is dizziness

Patients of PNKD experience attacks that last much longer than those of PKD. These attacks vary in length and can last anywhere between 4 minutes and 4 hours. Similar to the difference between length of attacks, the intervals between attacks are much longer. The frequency of PNKD patients’ attacks last anywhere between 1 day to several months.

PED
PED attacks are characterized in multiple ways. One separating factor of them is that patients typically experience longer durations of dystonia during their attacks. The most frequent target of attacks are both legs bilaterally, rather than unilateral symptoms. The attacks have also been known to affect the upper half of the body as well. In some cases, patients have had attacks that affected the posturing of their neck and shoulder. Usually there is not an indicative aura symptom prior to a PED attack, which has to do with the nature of the onset of attacks.

The duration and frequency of PED attacks fall between PKD and PNKD. The attacks can be relieved with rest, typically taking about 10 minutes from cessation of the exercise. Attacks usually do not last longer than 30 minutes. Attacks usually occur somewhere between a day and a month, however, there is a great deal of variability here. This variability can be contributed to the nature of the onset of attacks.