User:CCVul/sandbox

= Romansh language =

Literature, music and media
Romansh had a rich oral tradition before the appearance of Romansh writing, but apart from songs such as the Canzun da Sontga Margriata, virtually none of it survives. Prior to the 16th century, Romansh writings are known from only a few fragments, although the Swiss Literary Archives do have a number of collections of Romansh literature, spanning from the late 19th to the early 21st century.

Official status at the federal level
The official languages are declared to be German, French, and Italian, and Rhaeto-Romansh is an official language for correspondence with Romansh-speaking people. This means that in principle, it is possible to address the federal administration in Romansh and receive an answer in the same language. More precisely, under section 2.6.3 of the Federal Act on the National Languages and Understanding between the Linguistic Communities, Romansh speakers may address the administration in any variety of Romansh, though they will receive a response in Rumantsch Grischun.

Rumantsch Grischun
The "Pledari Grond" German–Rumantsch Grischun dictionary, with more than 215 000 entries, is the most comprehensive collection of Romansh words, which can also be used in the idioms with the necessary phonetic shifts. The signatories of "Pro Rumantsch" stress that Romansh needs both the idioms and Rumantsch Grischun if it is to improve its chances in today's communication society. '''There also exist individual dictionaries for each of the different idioms: Puter, Surmiran, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, and Vallader.  As well, the "Pledari Grond" dictionary links to several texts on the grammar of Rumantsch Grischun, Puter, and Vallader.'''

= Chesterfield County Public Schools = Chesterfield County Public Schools is the public school system of Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States. As of 2015, there are about 59,000 students enrolled in 63 schools.There are 38 elementary schools (grades K-5), 12 middle schools (grades 6-8), and 11 high schools (grades 9-12.) Additionally, high school students can enroll in 13 specialty centers, two technical centers, and two Governor's Schools.

Elementary

 * Bellwood Elementary School
 * Bensley Elementary School
 * Beulah Elementary School
 * Bon Air Elementary School
 * Chalkley Elementary School
 * Marguerite Christian Elementary School
 * Clover Hill Elementary School
 * Crenshaw Elementary School
 * Crestwood Elementary School
 * Curtis Elementary School
 * Davis Elementary School
 * Ecoff Elementary School
 * Enon Elementary School
 * Ettrick Elementary School
 * Evergreen Elementary School
 * Falling Creek Elementary School
 * Gates Elementary School
 * Gordon Elementary School
 * Grange Hall Elementary School
 * Greenfield Elementary School
 * Harrowgate Elementary School
 * Hening Elementary School
 * Hopkins Elementary School
 * Jacobs Road Elementary School
 * Matoaca Elementary School
 * Providence Elementary School
 * Reams Road Elementary School
 * Robious Elementary School
 * Salem Church Elementary School
 * Elizabeth Scott Elementary School
 * Alberta Smith Elementary School
 * Spring Run Elementary School
 * Swift Creek Elementary School
 * Watkins Elementary School
 * Bettie Weaver Elementary School
 * Wells Elementary School
 * Winterpock Elementary School
 * Woolridge Elementary School

Middle

 * Bailey Bridge Middle School
 * Carver Middle School
 * Elizabeth Davis Middle School
 * Falling Creek Middle School
 * Manchester Middle School
 * Matoaca Middle School
 * Midlothian Middle School
 * Providence Middle School
 * Robious Middle School
 * Salem Church Middle School
 * Swift Creek Middle School
 * Tomahawk Creek Middle School

High

 * Lloyd C. Bird High School(Skyhawks)
 * Career and Technical Center @ Courthouse — a technical center serving students from all county high schools
 * Career and Technical Center @ Hull — a technical center that serves students from all county high schools
 * Carver College and Career Academy
 * Chesterfield Community High School
 * Clover Hill High School
 * Cosby High School
 * Thomas Dale High School
 * James River High School
 * Manchester High School
 * Matoaca High School
 * Meadowbrook High School
 * Midlothian High School
 * Monacan High School

Specialty Programs

 * Career and Technical Center @ Courthouse — a technical center serving students from all county high schools
 * Career and Technical Center @ Hull — a technical center opening in fall 2014 that serves students from all county high schools
 * Culinary, Business, and Construction, at Carver College and Career Academy
 * Health and Physical Therapy at Monacan High School
 * Governor's Academy for Health Science at Cosby High School
 * Humanities at Monacan High School
 * International Baccalaureate at Meadowbrook High School
 * International Baccalaureate at Midlothian High School
 * Leadership and International Relations at James River High School
 * Mass Communications at Manchester High School
 * Mathematics and Science High School at Clover Hill— a NCSSSMST
 * Governor's Academy for Engineering Studies at Lloyd C. Bird High School
 * Spanish Immersion at Manchester High School
 * Information Technology at Matoaca High School
 * Visual and Performing Arts at Thomas Dale High School

Governor's Schools
Chesterfield County students may apply to the following governor's schools:


 * Appomattox Regional Governor's School for the Arts and Technology
 * Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies

Gifted education
Chesterfield County offers gifted education services from grades K–12, and Center Based Gifted (CBG) Academies from grades 3–8. Referral by a parent, teacher, student, or other member of the community is required for an evaluation for eligibility. Following referral, the student is evaluated with “nationally-normed aptitude and creativity tests, teacher, parent, student perception inventories, work samples, and grades.”

The CBG program is offered only at certain schools. As of now, these include Greenfield, J.G. Hening, Marguerite Christian, and Winterpock Elementary Schools, as well as Manchester, Matoaca, Midlothian, Swift Creek, and Robious Middle Schools. A proposed plan would have expanded the CBG program to George W. Carver Middle school; however, as of February 2019, it has been delayed.

Grading scale
Until the 2014–2015 school year, Chesterfield County used a 6-point grading scale under which a letter grade of A corresponded to a percentage grade of 94–100, and so on. However, after criticism from parents of Chesterfield students, the school board switched to a 10-point grading scale under which an A corresponded to 90–100, a B corresponded to 80–89, and so on.

Chesterfield County also uses a weighted GPA system under which the weight of a course, GPA-wise, is meant to reflect the academic rigor of the course. In a normal course, an A+ grade corresponds to a 4.5 on the GPA scale, an A corresponds to a 4.0, and so on; however, in an honors or dual enrollment course, an A+ corresponds to a 5.0, and to a 5.5 for an Advanced Placement (AP), International Baccalaureate (IB), or industry certification course.

Standardized testing
Chesterfield County uses Standards of Learning (SOL) tests as a part of its standardized testing system. The purpose of SOL testing is to determine whether students are meeting the Commonwealth of Virginia’s standards in the subjects of English, mathematics, history, and science, as well as to identify schools whose students are not meeting these standards and who may require additional support. The SOL tests are scored on a scale from 0–600, with 400 being considered a pass (Pass/Proficient) and a 500 being considered an advanced pass (Pass/Advanced).

Students in third to twelfth grade are required to take two to four SOL tests each academic year. As of now, the vast majority of these tests are taken online.

Susan Cohen
A pregnant Chesterfield County social studies school teacher at Midlothian High School, Susan Cohen, was placed on mandatory unpaid maternity leave by the School Board of Chesterfield County on December 18, 1970. The school board's maternity leave regulation stipulated that a pregnant teacher leave work following five months of pregnancy, which Cohen did not want to do.

Cohen sued the Chesterfield County School Board and on January 15, 1973, the U.S. Forth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the school board's policy did not violate clauses within the 14th Amendment.

This decision was overturned in 1974 by the U.S. Supreme Court in Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur.

Stan Murmur
Chesterfield County Public Schools made international news in 2006 when they suspended Stephen Murmer, an art teacher at Monacan High School who painted in his free time under the name Stan Murmur.

His works were unique in that he painted them using his posterior and genitalia. In 2006, a video of him painting on the television show Unscrewed with Martin Sargentbegan circulating around Monacan High School. This led to Chesterfield County Public Schools firing Murmer.

In an article released on December 14, 2006 the American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia condemned Chesterfield County Public Schools and on October 4, 2007 the ACLU of Virginia's lawyer's filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia on behalf of Murmur.

Stephen Murmer v. Chesterfield County School Boardwas settled for $65,000 on March 6, 2008. The School Board Chairwoman at the time, Dianne E. Pettitt, said "The School Board strongly believes that its decision was justified based on its core values and the disruption in the classrooms" and expressed that "The School Board does not admit any liability."

Dina Persico
In November 2018, Dina Persico, a former civics teacher at Providence Middle School, filed a federal lawsuit against Chesterfield County Public Schools for gender discrimination and harassment.

Persico started teaching at Providence in 2015. She alleged that the harassment started after her school’s principal learned she was a lesbian and married to another Chesterfield County teacher. She said she was reprimanded by administration for dressing in a way that was not considered “feminine” enough, being too “flamboyant,” and as a result being “intimidating as a person.” She was also physically blocked from entering the women’s restroom by the girl’s track coach, who told her it was “not appropriate” for her to be inside with the “young female students.”

The following school year, Persico was transferred to Midlothian High School, where she said she was criticized by a male school leader for dressing too casually and appearing “childish.” As a result of the stressful work environment, she said, she was unable to sleep, lost weight, saw a rise in her blood pressure, and eventually had a stroke in fall 2017. In early 2018, she went on medical leave.

Persico said that she believed her somewhat masculine appearance, sexual orientation, and Asperger’s Syndrome in combination made people uncomfortable. Though she sued for $700,000 in damages to cover missed pay and the harm to her health, her primary intent was to raise awareness about the unaccepting work environment she encountered.