User:CFCF/sandbox/Anatomical terms of motion

''This article is about anatomical terms of motion, for anatomical terms of the human body see Human anatomical terms, or for anatomical terms of location see Anatomical terms of location. The voluntary movement of body structures is accomplished by the contraction of muscles. Muscles may move parts of the skeleton relatively to each other, or may move parts of internal organs relatively to each other. All such movements are classified by the directions in which the affected structures are moved. In human anatomy, all descriptions of position and movement are based on the assumption that the body is in its complete medial and abduction stage and is in anatomical position.

The prefix hyper- is sometimes added to describe movement beyond the normal limits to a limb's or organ's motion, such as in hyperflexion or hyperextension. Such movements are variously important; they may be used in surgery, such as in temporarily dislocating joints for surgical procedures, and also may be important in that they may seriously stress the joints involved. Such prefixes are common in Medical terminology.

According to the movements of joints
Motions can be split into three categories: Occurs between flat surfaces, such as in the intervertebral discs or between the carpal and metacarpal bones of the hand. Occur over synovial joints and causes them to either increase or decrease angles between bones. Moves said structure in a rotational motion in several planes.
 * gliding motion
 * angular motion
 * rotational motion

Motions are classified after the planes they engage.

According to the direction of the movement
Apart from this motions can also be divided into : Motion in a straight line between different points. Every part of the structure or body moves in the same direction simultaneously.
 * linear motion (or translatory motion)
 * rectilinear motion

A linear motion in a straight line.
 * curvilinear motion

Motions that follow a curved path, but don't need to be completely circular. Examples include javelins be thrown and following a parabolic trajectory, or the earth following its path around the sun. Occurs when an object is around another object increasing or decreasing the angle. The different parts of the object do not move the same distance. Examples include a movement of the knee, where the lower leg changes angle compared to the femur, or movements of the ankle (plantar and dorsiflexion).
 * angular motion (or rotary motion)

Motions of the human body are more often than not a combination of above motions, and different motions, such as angular motions may as a result lead to linear motions etc.

Motions of the body
Motions occuring over joints are also known as joint movements or osteokinematics, and depend on the joints of the body (mainly synovial. All motions that are created by the body are considered to be a mixture of or a single contribution of the following types of movement.

Most terms of a motion have clear opposites, and as such, are treated below in pairs.

Other special motions
Some additional motions without clear opposites are as follows:


 * Rotation – A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. The head rotates on the neck, as in shaking the head 'no'.
 * Circumduction – The circular (or, more precisely, conical) movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. It consists of a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. "Windmilling" the arms or rotating the hand from the wrist are examples of circumductive movement.


 * Opposition – A motion involving a grasping of the thumb and fingers.
 * Reposition – To release an object by spreading the fingers and thumb.


 * Reciprocal motion of a joint – Alternating motion in opposing directions, such as the elbow alternating between flexion and extension.
 * Occlusion - motion of the mandibula towards the maxilla making contact between the teeth.
 * Reduction - To return the spine or neck to its original state from a lateral movements (abduction), also classified as an adduction of the spine or neck.

Movements of the human body
The following movements of bones constitute what movements are normally possible in various joints of the human body. Animals may have different degrees of movement; due to different position of joints, different muscles and different structures that block motion in the human body.

Certain movements are difficult to classify, such as movements of the carpal bones of the hand, or the tarsal bones of the foot, and are only really known by the orthopedic surgeon or hand surgeon specializing in their movements and not by ordinary medical practitioners.

Shoulder
Below missing transverse abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, yoinked from Glenohumeral joint

R
This content may be insufficiently formated, do not move it into articles yet -- CFCF (talk) 11:49, 17 November 2013 (UTC)