User:CNoemiM/sandbox

FINAL VERSION

SECTION I – Policies, practices, procedures and laws (PPPL) Intersectionality is “[a]n interdisciplinary approach that considers”(Hancock 2005) two or more intersections of race, class, gender, sexuality, and disability as “simultaneous processes” (Holvino 2010) that identify and rank members of society through systems of power and social relations (Jones 2003; McWhorter 2004) and influences “political access, equality and the potential for any form of justice (Hancock 2005).

In addition to the definition of social structure: "rules [policies, practices, procedures, and laws] regulating the allocation of power and resources along race/gender lines" (Nakano Glenn 2004). A few examples of how the application of social structure existed historically can be seen in Black codes and Jim Crow laws, however, the most recent application is racial profiling. In order to understand how intersectionality applies in real world systems within PPPL one can draw attention to political and structural inequalities (Cho, Crenshaw & McCall 2013). Two recent examples: Voting Rights Act Section 5: On June 25, 2013 The United States Supreme Court invalidated the formula used to determine which states are covered by Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. This decision no longer requires pre-approval by certain states to change voting rules. According to the Brennan Center for Justice, Section 5 blocked laws in 2012 that restricted voting rights for minority American citizens; communities of color, elderly, disabled, and college students, in Texas, South Carolina and Florida. In the aftermath the Department of Justice is seeking to block North Carolina restrictive voting laws. http://www.brennancenter.org/newsletter/voting-newsletter-doj-challenges-north-carolina-restrictions

School-to-Prison-Pipeline: Zero tolerance policies in schools have led to a significant increase in disciplinary actions that involve the presence of law enforcement officers. In some states, such as Mississippi, one school district has police arrest students for minor classroom behaviors and a district in Alabama has a police officer onsite in their high schools (Elias 2013). There are disproportionate numbers of racial minorities and children with disabilities who are subjected to this institutional system of structural inequality. http://www.tolerance.org/magazine/number-43-spring-2013/school-to-prison

SECTION II – Applications of intersectionality Some scholars have called for a wider net to be cast to include the practices in the political world (Hancock, 2007; Holvino, 2010), education (McCall, 2005; Jones 2003; Cooper 2009), healthcare (Kelly 2009) (Viruell-Fuentes, Miranda & Abdulrahim 2012), employment, wealth, and property (Ladson-Billings & Tate IV 1995). Within the institution of education, Jones’ (2003) research on working class women in academia discusses the notion of meritocracy through the ranks of social strata but becomes further complicated by race and the additional external forces that oppress. In the systems of healthcare and people of color, researchers found that six months post 9/11 an increase in poor birth outcomes of children with parents with “Arab” or “Muslim” sounding names and how immigration policies also directly impact the fundamental causes of disease (Viruell-Fuentes, Miranda & Abdulrahim 2012), Additionally applications with regard to property and wealth can be traced to the American historical narrative that is filled “with tensions and struggles over property-in its various forms. From the removal of Indians (and later Japanese Americans) from the land, to military conquest of the Mexicans, to the construction of Africans as property the ability to define, possess, and own property has been a central feature of power in America…[and where] social benefits accrue largely to property owners” (Ladson-Billings & Tate IV 1995) that is visible through generations to date. One would apply the intersectionality framework analysis to various areas where race, class, gender, sexuality and ability are affected by policies, procedures, practices, and laws in “context-specific inquiries, including, for example, analyzing the multiple ways that race and gender interact with class in the labor market; interrogating the ways that states constitute regulatory regimes of identity, reproduction, and family formation..” (Cho, Crenshaw & McCall 2013); examining the inequities in “the power relations [of the intersectionality] of whiteness.. [where] the denial of power and privilege .. of whiteness, and middle-classness..” thereby not addressing “the role of power it wields in social relations (Levine-Rasky, 2011).

Bibliography Appelbaum, B, & Gebeloff, R.(2012, February 13). Who benefits from the safety net? The New York Times. Retrieved from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/13/who-benefits-from-the-safety-net/. A news article that discusses the findings of the research study carried out by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in simplified terms for the general public. Brah, A., & Phoenix, A. (May 01, 2004). Ain't I a Woman? Revisiting Intersectionality.Journal of International Women's Studies, 5, 3, 75-86. The authors discuss the historical events, past and recent from anti-slavery and women’s suffrage to gulf war, and the relevance they continue to have on the intersections of race, class, gender and/or sexuality in present day by using primary sources and empirical research texts. The authors also review, at the time, recent theories and concepts to stimulate further discussions on intersectionality. Brennan Center for Justice. This website is based at the New York University School of Law that offers a legal challenge to policies, laws and practices that institutional structures construct. For my analysis on voting rights issues to show an example of political inequality. http://www.brennancenter.org/issues/voting-rights-elections, and http://www.brennancenter.org/newsletter/voting-newsletter-doj-challenges-north-carolina-restrictions Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford law review, 1241-129. As the scholar to introduce the theory of intersectionality Crenshaw follows up in this article a discussion on how identity politics of women of color is still being marginalized within groups of gender and race and to further explore the issues related to violence against women of color. Elias, M. (June 06, 2013). The School-to-Prison Pipeline. Teaching Tolerance, 52, 43, 39-40. Article that discusses how the institutional racism of education impacts students of color in the United States. Hancock, A.-M. (January 01, 2005). W.E.B. Du Bois: Intellectual Forefather of Intersectionality?. Souls, 7, 74-84. Hancock’s intersectionality analysis draws upon the perspective of W.E.B. Du Bois by using his work as her primary source that in its deep intellectual prose offers support to current day intersectionality theory and political world. Hancock, A.-M. (January 01, 2007). Intersectionality as a Normative and Empirical Paradigm. Politics & Gender, 3, 2, 248-254. In this article Hancock appeals to the understanding that intersectionality is far more than the scholarly specialized work within women studies. Intersectionality requires a more broadened audience in the political world and the power wielded that is excludes intersections globally. Holvino, E. (May 01, 2010). Intersections: The Simultaneity of Race, Gender and Class in Organization Studies. Gender, Work & Organization, 17, 3, 248-277. In this article Holvino calls for a new concept to be drawn on practices related to identity, institutions, and society with regard to intersections of gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, and class. The call is for organizations to include more people of color, more funded research and societal links to be connected and practiced by widening a better understanding of intersections. Intersectionality. (June 01, 2007). Politics & Gender, 3, 2, 229-232. In this brief editorial, a focus is made on how individual subjects of multiple identities known as intersectionality changes the political landscape when it is taken into consideration. It provides information on five scholarly articles on the topic of which I have also sourced. Intersektionalitet Organization. (2011). http://www.intersektionalitet.org/en/what-is-intersectionality-3/. Website created in Sweden in association with Civis, an international peace organization, and supported by Ungdomsstyrelsen, National Board for Youth Affairs, a Swedish government agency, that focuses on providing information related to intersectionality such as literature, organizations, events, and discussion forum based on the topic. Although updates seem to be abandoned access to other sources are available. Jones, S. J. (2003). Complex Subjectivities: Class, Ethnicity, and Race in Women's Narratives of Upward Mobility. Journal Of Social Issues, 59(4), 803. doi:10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00091.x. Jones raises issues of how intersections of working class professors require more attention by using personal narratives in her analysis and a call for research and activism to include social class understanding in academic and public education. McCall, L. (March 01, 2005). The Complexity of Intersectionality. Signs, 30, 3, 1771-1800. McCall questions the limited teaching practices of intersectionality as part of the interdisciplinary section of women studies. The primary focus is to discuss, with supporting evidence, how to expand research on intersectionality by opening inhibiting concerns that create obstacles for a bigger scope on the topic. Nakano-Glenn, Evelyn. Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender Shaped American Citizenship and Labor. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004. Print. I have chosen specific pages and examples to assist me in defining intersectionality and relationality from Nakano-Glenn as additional supporting evidence. The literature covers an array of other subjects such as history, sociology, theory and concepts. I have chosen to use the simplest sections of the material to assist me in my project focus of intersectionality. Phoenix, A. (August 01, 2006). Editorial: Intersectionality. European Journal of Women's Studies, 13, 3.). Phoenix introduces the value and importance of intersectionality stimulated by the European Journal of Women’s Studies 10th anniversary and draws attention to the increasing number of conferences focused on intersectionality. The editorial directs reader to the key topics that will be discussed in the journal by various scholarly articles on intersectionality. Sherman, A., Greenstein, R., & Ruffing, K. (2012). Contrary to ‘Entitlement Society’Rhetoric, Over Nine-Tenths of Entitlement Benefits Go to Elderly, Disabled, or Working Households. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. A research report detailing the demographics; age, race, employment and other factors, of benefit programs and costs. Velasquez, T.. Lecture at University of Washington: Women, Race, and Class. Theory, concepts, research, definition provided for topic of intersectionality project. The various class materials created an understanding of how intersectionality and relationality impacts social structures in Western culture and deepens critical thinking of its influence in daily operations through raising the  awareness of how America’s social structures impact race, class, and gender. Weber, L. (1998). A conceptual framework for understanding race, class, gender, and sexuality. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22(1), 13-32. In this article Weber provides a basic six piece section of explanation in order to provide an understanding of the most common themes found in intersectionality. The intersectional themes discussed are context, social constructions, systems of power, macro (social structural) and micro (social psychological), simultaneous expression, and interdependence of knowledge and activism. Viruell-Fuentes, E. A., Miranda, P. Y., & Abdulrahim, S. (December 01, 2012). More than culture: Structural racism, intersectionality theory, and immigrant health. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 75, 12, 2099-2106. Analysis through the lens of intersectionality on how structural racism impacts the health of immigrants and generations of people of color through access and disease.

CNoemiM (talk) 00:20, 17 November 2013 (UTC) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ First Draft

Intersectionality is “[a]n interdisciplinary approach that considers”(Hancock 2005) two or more intersections of race, class, gender, sexuality, and disability as “simultaneous processes” (Holvino 2010) that identify and rank members of society through systems of power and social relations (Jones 2003; McWhorter 2004) and influences “political access, equality and the potential for any form of justice (Hancock 2005).

SECTION I – Policies, practices, procedures and laws (PPPL) In addition to the definition of social structure: "rules [policies, practices, procedures, and laws] regulating the allocation of power and resources along race/gender lines" (Nakano Glenn 2004). A few examples of how the application of social structure existed historically can be seen in Black codes and Jim Crow laws, however, the most recent application is racial profiling. School to prison pipeline https://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/what-school-prison-pipeline Voting rights Act http://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/voting-rights-act-resource-page

SECTION II – Applications of intersectionality Some scholars have called for a wider net to be cast to include the practices in the political world (Hancock, 2007; Holvino, 2010), education (McCall, 2005; Jones 2003; Cooper 2009), healthcare (Kelly 2009) (Viruell-Fuentes, Miranda & Abdulrahim 2012), employment, wealth, and property.

One would apply an “intersectional frame of analysis to a wide range of research and teaching projects. Aggregated together in this category are undertakings that build on or adapt Intersectionality to attend to a variety of context-specific inquiries, including, for example, analyzing the multiple ways that race and gender interact with class in the labor market; interrogating the ways that states constitute regulatory regimes of identity, reproduction, and family formation; developing doctrinal alternatives to bend antidiscrimination law to accommodate claims of compound discrimination; and revealing the processes by which grassroots organizations shape advocacy strategies into concrete agendas that transcend traditional single axis horizons” (Cho, Crenshaw & McCall 2013). In order to understand how intersectionality applies in real world systems we can draw attention to political and structural inequalities (Cho, Crenshaw & McCall 2013). For example “...the manner in which class is discussed ... in government circles...when the discourse on child poverty comes to substitute analysis of wider inequalities of class. While the current government does not wish to use the language of class inequality, it has pledged itself to eradicate child poverty within twenty years (Brah & Phoenix 2004).

Children Under 18 Living in Poverty, 2010 Category	         Number in thousands	Percent All children under 18	 16, 401	        22.0 White only, non-Hispanic 5,002	                12.4 Black	                 4,817	                38.2 Hispanic	         6,110	                35.0 Asian	                 547	                13.6

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010, Report P60, n. 238, Table B-2, pp. 68-73.

However, this manner of redirecting attention in the quest to stamp out child poverty does not acknowledge the social inequalities that the adults raising these children are experiencing; if the child is living in poverty then so are the adults who care for them. The direct impact that systems of power have had for generations has not changed. It has not, past and present, allowed equal access to conditions and resources such as education, employment, and healthcare.CNoemiM (talk) 00:20, 17 November 2013 (UTC)