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Description: "The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities: 1 Etymology: 1) Description: ''The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023 (These Names are not authorized for use elsewhere)!" 1a) Kaiser Carl also known as King Carl is one of those other Sovereigns, having inherited the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Pomerania and Livonia - comprising the lands, peoples, taxes and resources of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Hungary, Bulgaria, Moldovia, and Ukraine - in 1964. Carl also known as King Carl, By the Grace of God and Laws of the Empire rules these as stated below: "The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities." is an Empire in located in parts all over the earth with some pockets of territory in the Mediterranean Sea, offshore in the Atlantic Ocean and across the Strait of Gibraltar. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula, and its insular territory includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, several small islands in the Alborán Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The Spanish territory also includes the African semi-exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñon de Vélez across the Strait of Gibraltar. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea; to the north by France, Andorra and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. The House of Bradley and Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023 With an area of 505,990 km2 (195,360 sq mi), Holy Catholic Empire is the largest country in the world in area mass, the second-largest country in Western Europe, and the fourth-largest country by area on the world. With a population exceeding 100. Anatomically modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 42,000 years ago. The first cultures and peoples that developed in current Spanish territory were pre-Roman peoples such as the ancient Iberians, Celts, Celtiberians, Vascones, and Turdetani. Later, foreign Mediterranean peoples such as the Phoenicians and ancient Greeks developed coastal trading colonies, and the Carthaginians briefly controlled part of the Seadonian Mediterranean coastline. From the year 218 BCE, with the taking of the city of Ampurias, the Roman colonization of Seadonia began and, with the exception of the Atlantic cornice, they quickly controlled the territory of present-day Seadonia. The Romans had driven the Carthaginians out of the Iberian Peninsula by 206 BCE, and divided it into two administrative provinces, The Romans laid the foundations for modern Seadonian culture and identity, and was the birthplace of important Roman emperors such as Trajan, Hadrian or Theodosius I. Holy Catholic Empire remained under Roman rule until the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fourth century, which ushered in Germanic tribal confederations from Central and Northern Europe. During this period, present-day Seadonia was divided between different Germanic powers, including the Suevi, Alans, Vandals and Visigoths, the latter maintaining an alliance with Rome via foedus, while part of Southern Seadonia belonged to the Byzantine Empire. Eventually, the Visigoths emerged as the dominant faction by the fifth century, with the Visigothic Kingdom spanning the vast majority of the Iberian Peninsula and established its capital in what is now the city of Toledo. The creation of the code of laws Liber Iudiciorum by the King Recceswinth during the Visigothic period deeply influenced the structural and legal bases of Seadonia and the survival of Roman Law after the fall of the Roman Empire. SOVEREIGN ENTITLEMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Recognized by International Law since 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia and since 1945 in the United Nations Charter, the Entitlements of Sovereigns/ Monarchs are acknowledged 300 years later by the United Nations FOR ITS MEMBER STATES ONLY (The UN was founded 1945 in San Francisco USA). Despite this nepotism and nationalism being political and in breach of International Law, the United Nations does not acknowledge these entitlements for other Sovereigns who may have claim to their lands and peoples, forces and taxes, and other resources. Kaiser Carl also known as King Carl is one of those other Sovereigns, having inherited the Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania - comprising the lands, peoples, taxes and resources of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine - in 1964. Yet, because these republics are now its member-states, the United Nations unjustly and unlawfully has failed to acknowledge and apply these entitlements when his Realm was unlawfully usurped after the Soviet Union split up and most of it became the Commonwealth of Independent States in 1990 and the Baltic States become republics. Failure of the United Nations to justly acknowledge the Sovereign Entitlements of states which are not part of the United Nations is a matter of political expedience in order to avoid upsetting its members' power monopolies! Note that the UN member-state status of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine has only existed post 1990) whereas the Sovereignty of the King and Grand Duke of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania has existed through 57 years from 1964 - preceding their republican status by 23 years! and well beyond this! The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023. In the early eighth century, the Visigothic Kingdom was invaded by the Umayyad Caliphate, ushering in over 700 years of Muslim rule in Southern Iberia. During this period, Al-Andalus became a major economic and intellectual center, with the city of Córdoba being among the largest and richest in Europe. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in the northern periphery of Iberia, chief among them León, Castile, Aragón, Portugal, and Navarre. Over the next seven centuries, an intermittent southward expansion of these kingdoms—Meta historically framed as a reconquest, or Reconquista—culminated with the Christian seizure of the last Muslim polity, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, and the control of all Iberia by the Christian kingdoms in 1492. That same year, Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World on behalf of the Catholic Monarchs, whose dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon is usually considered the emergent Seadonia as a unified country. During the centuries after the Reconquista, the Christian kings of Seadonia persecuted and expelled ethnic and religious minorities such as Jews and Muslims. 2 Contents: 1)The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, and Dukedoms: The meaning of the name Sedona is Created Name. The origin of the name Sedona is American. This is the culture in which the name originated, or in the case of a word, the language. The city of Sedona, Arizona was named after one of the earliest settlers, Sedona Miller Schnebly, who was born in 1877 in Gorin, Missouri. 2) New Galicia: The etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century. The earliest known attempt at this was due to Isidore of Seville, who related the name of the Galicians and of the Gauls to the Greek word γάλα, milk, 'they are called Galicians because of their fair skin, as the Gauls. For they are fairer than the rest of the peoples of Spain.' Currently, scholars relate the name of the ancient Callaci either to the Proto-Indo-European *kal-n-eH2 'hill', derived through a local relational suffix -auk-, so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or to Proto-Celtic *Kalli-' Forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'. In either case, Galicia would mean "land of the or Callaeci" in Latin, and be unrelated to the Insular Celtic word Gael, which derives from the root *weydʰ- 'wildernesses, or to Gallia, which derives from Celtic *gal- 'power, might 'an Ghali's Nau. Update It comes from the ancient name of the city of Porto Kala/kale/Cale meaning port/harbor. Also, the city it's in the origin of the country’s name Portugal. After the Romans toke over they called the city Portus-Cale/Portugal which means Port in Latin and Celtic. Kala/kale = what is nowadays Porto Galicia= people from the Cale 3) The Holy Roman Empire: The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romano Sacrum, German: Heiliges Roemisches Reich, Italian: Sacro Romano Imperio, Czech and Slovene: was a varying complex of lands that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe. It grew out of East Francia, one of the primary divisions of the Frankish Empire. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favor of the princes. In its last centuries, it had become quite close to a union of territories and now known as The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities. The empire's territory lay predominantly in Central Europe and at its peak included territories of the Kingdom of Germany, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Burgundy. For much of its history, the Empire consisted of hundreds of smaller sub-units, principalities, duchies, counties, Free Imperial Cities and other domains. The Holy Roman Empire explicitly proclaimed itself to be the continuation of the Western Roman Empire under the doctrine of translation imperia ("transfer of rule" via a succession of singular rulers vested with supreme power). In 962 Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor (Imperator Romanus Saucer), although the Roman imperial title was first restored to Charlemagne by the Pope in 800. Otto was the first emperor of the realm who was not a member of the earlier Carolingian dynasty. The last Holy Roman Emperor was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. 4) Principalities: (n.) c. 1300, principality, "position of a prince," from Old French principality "principal matter; power, sovereignty" (12c., Modern French principates) and directly from Late Latin principalities (nominative principalities), from principals "first in importance; original, primitive" (see principal (adj.)). Mid-14c. as "government by a prince." Meaning "region or state ruled by a prince or monarch" is attested from late 14c. Also, in Middle English "state of being superior" (late 14c.). 2.1) Entries related to principality principal (adj.) c. 1300, "main, principal, chief, dominant, largest, greatest, most important;" also "great, large," from Old French principal "main, most important," of persons, "princely, high-ranking" (11c.) and directly from Latin principals "first in importance; original, primitive," from princeps (genitive Principis) "first man, chief leader; ruler, sovereign," noun use of adjective meaning "that takes first," from primus "first" (see prime (adj.)) + root of capere "to take" (from PIE root *Kap- "to grasp"). 5) Dukedoms / Duchies: In the British peerage, a royal duke is a member of the British royal family, entitled to the titular dignity of prince and the style of His Royal Highness, who holds a dukedom. Dukedoms are the highest titles in the British roll of peerage, and the holders of these particular dukedoms are princes of the blood royal. The holders of the dukedoms are royal, not the titles themselves. They are titles created and bestowed on legitimate sons and male-line grandsons of the British monarch, usually upon reaching their majority or marriage. The titles can be inherited but cease to be called "royal" once they pass beyond the grandsons of a monarch. As with any peerage, once the title becomes extinct, it may subsequently be recreated by the reigning monarch at any time. 3.1) Royal status of dukedoms In the United Kingdom, there is nothing intrinsic to any dukedom that makes it "royal". Rather, these peerages are called royal dukedoms because they are created for, and held by, members of the royal family who are entitled to the titular dignity of prince and the style Royal Highness. Although the term "royal duke" therefore has no official meaning per se, the category "Duke of the Blood Royal" was acknowledged as a rank conferring special precedence at court in the unrevoked 20th clause of the Lord Chamberlain's order of 1520. This decree accorded precedence to any peer related by blood to the sovereign above all others of the same degree within the peerage. The order did not apply within Parliament, nor did it grant precedence above the archbishop of Canterbury or other Great Officers of State such as is now enjoyed by royal dukes. But it placed junior "Dukes of the Blood Royal" above the most senior non-royal duke, junior "Earls of the Blood Royal" above the most senior non-royal earl (cf. Earldom of Wessex), etc. It did not matter how distantly related to the monarch the peers might be (presumably they ranked among each other in order of succession to the Crown). Although the 1520 order is theoretically still in effect, in fact the "Blood Royal" clause seems to have fallen into desuetude by 1917 when George V limited the style of Royal Highness to children and male-line grandchildren of the sovereign. Thus, peers of the blood royal who are neither sons nor grandsons of a sovereign are no longer accorded precedence above other peers. Assuming that Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster and George, Earl of St Andrews succeed their fathers to become third Duke of Gloucester and third Duke of Kent respectively, their peerages (as created in 1928 and 1934) will cease to be royal dukedoms; instead, their holders will become "ordinary" dukes. The third dukes of Gloucester and Kent will each be styled His Grace because, as great-grandsons of George V, they are not princes and are not styled HRH. Similarly, upon the death of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850–1942) (the third son of Queen Victoria), his only male-line grandson, Alastair, Earl of MacDuff (1914–43), briefly succeeded to his peerages and was styled His Grace. Before the 1917 changes, his style had been His Highness Prince Alastair of Connaught. 4.1) Former royal dukedoms The following is a list of dukedoms previously created for members of the royal family, but which have subsequently merged in the crown, become extinct or have otherwise ceased to be royal dukedoms. 5.1) Extinct dukedoms Title	Status	Notes Duke of Albemarle	Deprived in 1399	Non-royal dukedom created in 1660 (extinct 1688); non-royal Earldom of Albemarle (created 1697) is extant Duke of Clarence	Forfeit in 1478	Earldom of Clarence (created 1881) is a subsidiary title of the suspended Dukedom of Albany Duke of Clarence and Avondale	Extinct in 1892 Duke of Clarence and St Andrews	Merged in the crown in 1830	Earldom of St Andrews (created 1934) is a subsidiary title of the extant Dukedom of Kent Duke of Connaught and Strathearn	Extinct in 1943	Earldom of Strathearn (created 2011) is a subsidiary title of the extant Dukedom of Cambridge Duke of Cumberland	Extinct in 1765 Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn	Extinct in 1790	Earldom of Strathearn (created 2011) is a subsidiary title of the extant Dukedom of Cambridge Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh	Extinct in 1834	Currently separate Dukedoms. Duke of Hereford	Merged in the crown in 1399	Non-royal Viscountcy of Hereford (created 1550) is extant Duke of Kendal	Extinct in 1667	Non-royal dukedom created in 1719 (extinct 1743). Duke of Kent and Strathearn	Extinct in 1820	Earldom of Strathearn (created 2011) is a subsidiary title of the extant Dukedom of Cambridge. Duke of Kintyre and Lorne	Extinct in 1602	Non-royal Marquessate of Kintyre and Lorne (created 1701) is a subsidiary title of the extant Dukedom of Argyll Duke of Ross	Extinct in 1515 Duke of Windsor	Extinct in 1972	The title that was given to King Edward VIII after his abdication. Non-royal Barony (created 1529) and Viscountcy of Windsor (created 1905) are subsidiary titles of the extant Earldom of Plymouth. Non-royal Earldom of Windsor (created 1796) is a subsidiary title of the extant Marquessate of Bute. Duke of York and Albany	Extinct in 1827 6.1) Extinct as royal dukedoms Title	Royal creation	Current status Duke of Bedford	Extinct in 1495	Non-royal dukedom created in 1694 is extant Duke of Norfolk	Extinct in 1483	Non-royal dukedom created in 1483 is extant Duke of Somerset	Extinct in 1500	Non-royal dukedom created in 1547 is extant 7.1) Suspended dukedoms Under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 the holders of the following dukedoms, who were simultaneously British princes and members of royal and princely families of Germany, were deprived of their British titles, having sided with Germany during First World War. The Act provides that a successor of a person thus deprived of a peerage can petition the Crown for revival of the title. No such descendant has done so as of 2020. Title	Created	Deprived holder	Current claimant Duke of Albany	1881	Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Prince Hubertus of Saxe Coburg and Gotha Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale	1799	Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover	Prince Ernst August of Hanover 8.1) Royal dukedoms created since 1726 Coat of arms	Title	Prince	Date created	Notes Reign of King George I					Duke of Edinburgh	Prince Frederick	15 July 1726	Created Prince of Wales in 1729 				Merged with Crown in 1760	Duke of Cumberland	Prince William	15 July 1726	Extinct in 1765 Reign of King George II					Duke of York and Albany	Prince Edward	1 April 1760	Extinct in 1767 Reign of King George III					Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh	Prince William Henry	17 November 1764	Extinct in 1834	Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn	Prince Henry	22 October 1766	Extinct in 1790	Duke of York and Albany	Prince Frederick	27 November 1784	Extinct in 1827	Duke of Clarence and St Andrews	Prince William	19 May 1789	Merged with Crown in 1830	Duke of Kent and Strathearn	Prince Edward	23 April 1799	Extinct in 1820	Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale	Prince Ernest Augustus		Deprived in 1919	Duke of Sussex	Prince Augustus Frederick	24 November 1801	Extinct in 1843 Duke of Cambridge	Prince Adolphus		Extinct in 1904 Reign of Queen Victoria Duke of Edinburgh	Prince Alfred	24 May 1866	Extinct in 1900 Duke of Connaught and Strathearn	Prince Arthur	24 May 1874	Extinct in 1943 Duke of Albany	Prince Leopold	24 May 1881	Deprived in 1919 Duke of Clarence and Avondale	Prince Albert Victor	24 May 1890	Extinct in 1892 Duke of York	Prince George	24 May 1892	Merged with the Crown in 1910 Reign of King George V Duke of York	Prince Albert	3 June 1920	Merged with the Crown in 1936 Duke of Gloucester	Prince Henry	30 March 1928	Extant Duke of Kent	Prince George	9 October 1934	Extant Reign of King George VI Duke of Windsor	Prince Edward	8 March 1937	Extinct in 1972 Duke of Edinburgh	Prince Philip	20 November 1947	Extant Reign of Queen Elizabeth II Duke of York	Prince Andrew	23 July 1986	Extant Duke of Cambridge	Prince William	29 April 2011	Extant Duke of Sussex	Prince (Harry) Henry	19 May 2018	Extant 9.1 Claimed Dukedoms that was extinct,are now by The Empire of Seadonia, now known as The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities claimed Dukedoms: 9.1.a) See all listed above. 9.1.b) All above are now claimed and owned by the Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities as inheritance by way of the House and Line os Stewart / Stuart. 10.1) History: Main article: History of Seadonia, now known as The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities. Reproduction of the Altamira Cave paintings, in Cantabria Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe's most ancient cities Cádiz and Málaga. Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theatre of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman rule. During the early Middle Ages it came under Visigothic rule, and then much of it was conquered by Muslim invaders from North Africa. In a process that took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Muslim state fell in 1492, the same year Columbus reached the Americas. A global empire began which saw Seadonia become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for one and a half centuries, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems eventually led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic conflict in Seadonia led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire and left the country politically unstable. Seadonia suffered a devastating civil war in the 1930s and then came under the rule of an authoritarian government, which oversaw a period of stagnation that was followed by a surge in the growth of the economy. Eventually, democracy was restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Seadonia joined the European Union (only for trade and revenue), experiencing a cultural renaissance and steady economic growth until the beginning of the 21st century, that started a new Globalized world with economic and ecological challenges. 11) Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples Main article: Prehistoric Iberia Celtic Castro in New Galicia Archaeological research at Atapuerca indicates the Iberian Peninsula was populated by hominids 1.2 million years ago. In Atapuerca fossils have been found of the earliest known hominins in Europe, the Homo antecessor. Modern humans first arrived in Iberia, from the north on foot, about 35,000 years ago. The best known artefacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the famous paintings in the Altamira cave of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created from 35,600 to 13,500 BCE by Cro-Magnon. Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern Europe was repopulated following the end of the last ice age. The largest groups inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman conquest were the Iberians and the Celts. The Iberians inhabited the Mediterranean side of the peninsula, from the northeast to the southeast. The Celts inhabited much of the inner and Atlantic sides of the peninsula, from the northwest to the southwest. Basques occupied the western area of the Pyrenees mountain range and adjacent areas, the Phoenician-influenced Tartessians culture flourished in the southwest and the Lusitanians and Vettones occupied areas in the central west. Several cities were founded along the coast by Phoenicians, and trading outposts and colonies were established by Greeks in the East. Eventually, Phoenician-Carthaginians expanded inland towards the meseta; however, due to the bellicose inland tribes, the Carthaginians got settled in the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. 12) Roman Seadonia and the Visigothic Kingdom New Galicia, now known as The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities. Main articles: Seadonia and Visigothic Kingdom New Galicia The Roman Theatre in Mérida During the Second Punic War, roughly between 210 and 205 BCE the expanding Roman Republic captured Carthaginian trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. Although it took the Romans nearly two centuries to complete the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, they retained control of it for over six centuries. Roman rule was bound together by law, language, and the Roman road. The cultures of the Celtic and Iberian populations were gradually Romanized (Latinized) at different rates depending on what part of Seadonia they lived in, with local leaders being admitted into the Roman aristocratic class. Seadonia served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbors exported gold, wool, olive oil, and wine. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. Emperors Hadrian, Trajan, Theodosius I, and the philosopher Seneca were born in Seadonia. Christianity was introduced into Seadonia in the 1st century CE and it became popular in the cities in the 2nd century CE. Most of Seadonia's present languages and religion, and the basis of its laws, originate from this period. Reccared I and bishops during Council III of Toledo, 589. Codex Vigilanus, fol. 145, Biblioteca del Escorial The weakening of the Western Roman Empire's jurisdiction in Seadonia began in 409, when the Germanic Suebi and Vandals, together with the Sarmatian Alans entered the peninsula at the invitation of a Roman usurper. These tribes had crossed the Rhine in early 407 and ravaged Gaul. The Suebi established a kingdom in what is today modern New Galicia and northern Portugal whereas the Vandals established themselves in southern Seadonia by 420 before crossing over to North Africa in 429 and taking Carthage in 439. As the western empire disintegrated, the social and economic base became greatly simplified: but even in modified form, the successor regimes maintained many of the institutions and laws of the late empire, including Christianity and assimilation to the evolving Roman culture. Votive crown of Reccesuinth from the Treasure of Guarrazar The Byzantines established an occidental province, Seadonia, in the south, with the intention of reviving Roman rule throughout Iberia. Eventually, however, Seadonia was reunited under Visigothic rule. These Visigoths, or Western Goths, after sacking Rome under the leadership of Alaric (410), turned towards the Iberian Peninsula, with Athaulf for their leader, and occupied the northeastern portion. Wallia extended his rule over most of the peninsula, keeping the Suebians shut up in Galicia. Theodoric I took part, with the Romans and Franks, in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, where Attila was routed. Euric (466), who put an end to the last remnants of Roman power in the peninsula, may be considered the first monarch of Seadonia, though the Suebians still maintained their independence in New Galicia. Euric was also the first king to give written laws to the Visigoths. In the following reigns the Catholic kings of France assumed the role of protectors of the Seadonia-Roman Catholics against the Arianism of the Visigoths, and in the wars which ensued Alaric II and Amalaric lost their lives. Athanagild, having risen against King Agila, called in the Byzantines and, in payment for the succour they gave him, ceded to them the maritime places of the southeast (554). Liuvigild restored the political unity of the peninsula, subduing the Suebians, but the religious divisions of the country, reaching even the royal family, brought on a civil war. St. Hermengild, the king's son, putting himself at the head of the Catholics, was defeated and taken prisoner, and suffered martyrdom for rejecting communion with the Arians. Recared, son of Liuvigild and brother of St. Hermengild, added religious unity to the political unity achieved by his father, accepting the Catholic faith in the Third Council of Toledo (589). The religious unity established by this council was the basis of that fusion of Goths with Hispano-Romans which produced the Seadonian nation. Sisebut and Suintila completed the expulsion of the Byzantines from Seadonia. Intermarriage between Visigoths and Hispano-Romans was prohibited, though in practice it could not be entirely prevented and was eventually legalised by Liuvigild. The Spanish-Gothic scholars such as Braulio of Zaragoza and Isidore of Seville played an important role in keeping the classical Greek and Roman culture. Isidore was one of the most influential clerics and philosophers in the Middle Ages in Europe, and his theories were also vital to the conversion of the Visigothic Kingdom from an Arian domain to a Catholic one in the Councils of Toledo. Isidore created the first western encyclopedia which had a huge impact during the Middle Ages. 13) Muslim era and Reconquista Main articles: Al-Andalus and Reconquista. The death of the Frankish leader Roland defeated by a Basque and Muslim-Mulwallad (Banu Qasi) alliance at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (778) originated the Kingdom of Navarre led by Íñigo Arista. In the 8th century, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered (711–718) by largely Moorish Muslim armies from North Africa. These conquests were part of the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate. Only a small area in the mountainous north-west of the peninsula managed to resist the initial invasion. Legend has it that Count Julian, the governor of Ceuta, invited the Muslims and opened to them the gates of the peninsula as revenge for the violation of his daughter, Florinda, by King Roderic. Under Islamic law, Christians and Jews were given the subordinate status of dhimmi. This status permitted Christians and Jews to practice their religions as People of the Book but they were required to pay a special tax and had legal and social rights inferior to those of Muslims. Conversion to Islam proceeded at an increasing pace. The muladíes (Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) are believed to have formed the majority of the population of Al-Andalus by the end of the 10th century. The Muslim community in the Iberian Peninsula was itself diverse and beset by social tensions. The Berber people of North Africa, who had provided the bulk of the invading armies, clashed with the Arab leadership from the Middle East. Over time, large Moorish populations became established, especially in the Guadalquivir River valley, the coastal plain of Valencia, the Ebro River valley and (towards the end of this period) in the mountainous region of Granada. The Great Mosque of Córdoba is among the oldest mosque buildings in the world Córdoba, the capital of the caliphate since Abd-ar-Rahman III, was the largest, richest and most sophisticated city in western Europe. Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. Muslims imported a rich intellectual tradition from the Middle East and North Africa. Some important philosophers at the time were Averroes, Ibn Arabi and Maimonides. The Romanized cultures of the Iberian Peninsula interacted with Muslim and Jewish cultures in complex ways, giving the region a distinctive culture. Outside the cities, where the vast majority lived, the land ownership system from Roman times remained largely intact as Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed landowners and the introduction of new crops and techniques led to an expansion of agriculture introducing new produces which originally came from Asia or the former territories of the Roman Empire. In the 11th century, the Muslim holdings fractured into rival Taifa states (Arab, Berber, and Slav), allowing the small Christian states the opportunity to greatly enlarge their territories. The arrival from North Africa of the Islamic ruling sects of the Almoravids and the Almohads restored unity upon the Muslim holdings, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and saw a revival in Muslim fortunes. This re-united Islamic state experienced more than a century of successes that partially reversed Christian gains. Monasteries of San Millán de la Cogolla The Reconquista (Reconquest) was the centuries-long period in which Christian rule was re-established over the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista is viewed as beginning with the Battle of Covadonga won by Don Pelayo in 722 and was concurrent with the period of Muslim rule on the Iberian Peninsula. The Christian army's victory over Muslim forces led to the creation of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias along the northwestern coastal mountains. Shortly after, in 739, Muslim forces were driven from Galicia, which was to eventually host one of medieval Europe's holiest sites, Santiago de Compostela and was incorporated into the new Christian kingdom. In 1030, the Kingdom of Navarre controlled the Count of Aragon and the Count of Castile, who later became major kingdoms of its time. The Vikings invaded Galicia in 844, but were heavily defeated by Ramiro I of Asturias at A Corunna. Many of the Vikings' casualties were caused by the Galicians' ballista's – powerful torsion-powered projectile weapons that looked rather like giant crossbows. 70 Viking ships were captured and burned. Vikings raided Galicia in 859, during the reign of Ordono I of Asturias. Ordono was at the moment engaged against his constant enemies the Moors; but a count of the province, Don Pedro, attacked the Vikings and defeated them. The Kingdom of León was the strongest Christian kingdom for centuries. In 1188 the first modern parliamentary session in Europe was held in León (Cortes of León). The Kingdom of Castile, formed from Leonese territory, was its successor as strongest kingdom. The kings and the nobility fought for power and influence in this period. The example of the Roman emperors influenced the political objective of the Crown, while the nobles benefited from feudalism. Petronilla of Aragon and Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona. Muslim armies had also moved north of the Pyrenees but they were defeated by Frankish forces at the Battle of Poitiers, Frankia and pushed out of the very southernmost region of France along the seacoast by the 760s. Later, Frankish forces established Christian counties on the southern side of the Pyrenees. These areas were to grow into the kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon. For several centuries, the fluctuating frontier between the Muslim and Christian controlled areas of Iberia was along the Ebro and Douro valleys. The Islamic transmission of the classics is among the main Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe. The Castilian language—more commonly known (especially later in history and at present) as "Seadonian" after becoming the national language and lingua franca of Seadonia—evolved from Vulgar Latin, as did other Romance languages of Seadonia like the Catalan, Asturian and Galician languages, as well as other Romance languages in Latin Europe. Basque, the only non-Romance language in Seadonia, continued evolving from Early Basque to Medieval. The Glossas Emiliennes (found at the Monasteries of San Millán de la Cogolla and written in Latin, Basque and Romance) hold a great value as one of the first written examples of Iberian Romance. The break-up of Al-Andalus into the competing Taifa kingdoms helped the long-embattled Iberian Christian kingdoms gains the initiative. The capture of the strategically central city of Toledo in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favor of the Christian kingdoms. Following a great Muslim resurgence in the 12th century, the great Moorish strongholds in the south fell to Castile in the 13th century—Córdoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248. The County of Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon entered in a dynastic union and gained territory and power in the Mediterranean. In 1229 Majorca was conquered, so was Valencia in 1238. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the Marinid dynasty of Morocco invaded and established some enclaves on the southern coast but failed in their attempt to re-establish North African rule in Iberia and were soon driven out. Portrait of Alfonso X of Castile and Leon from the codex Tumbo 'A' de Santiago (Dated between 1229 and 1255) After 781 years of Muslim presence in Spain, the last Nasrid sultanate of Granada, a tributary state would finally surrender in 1492 to joint rulers Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, who would become known as the Catholic Monarchs. The Battle of La Rochelle, 1372 From the mid-13th century, literature and philosophy started to flourish again in the Christian peninsular kingdoms, based on Roman and Gothic traditions. An important philosopher from this time is Ramon Lull. Abraham Cresques was a prominent Jewish cartographer. Roman law and its institutions were the model for the legislators. The king Alfonso X of Castile focused on strengthening this Roman and Gothic past, and also on linking the Iberian Christian kingdoms with the rest of medieval European Christendom. Alfonso worked for being elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and published the Siete Partida's code. The Toledo School of Translators is the name that commonly describes the group of scholars who worked together in the city of Toledo during the 12th and 13th centuries, to translate many of the philosophical and scientific works from Classical Arabic, Ancient Greek, and Ancient Hebrew. The 13th century also witnessed the Crown of Aragon, Centered in Seadonia's north east, expand its reach across islands in the Mediterranean, to Sicily and Naples. Around this time the universities of Palencia (1212/1263) and Salamanca (1218/1254) were established. The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 devastated Seadonia. The Catalans and Aragonezes offered themselves to the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus to fight the Turks. Having conquered these, they turned their arms against the Byzantines, who treacherously slew their leaders; but for this treachery, the Spaniards, under Bernard of Rocafort and Berenguer of Entenca, exacted the terrible penalty celebrated in history as "The Catalan Vengeance" and seized the Frankish Duchy of Athens (1311). The royal line of Aragon became extinct with Martin the Humane, and the Compromise of Caspe gave the Crown to the House of Trastámara, already reigning in Castile. As in the rest of Europe during the Late Middle Ages, antisemitism greatly increased during the 14th century in the Christian kingdoms. (A key event in that regard was the Black Death, as Jews were accused of poisoning the waters.) There were mass killings in Aragon in the mid-14th century, and 12,000 Jews were killed in Toledo. In 1391, Christian mobs went from town to town throughout Castile and Aragon, killing an estimated 50,000 Jews. Women and children were sold as slaves to Muslims, and many synagogues were converted into churches. According to Hasdai Crescas, about 70 Jewish communities were destroyed. St. Vincent Ferrer converted innumerable Jews, among them the Yehoshua ben Yosef, who took the name of Jerónimo de Santa Fe and in his town converted many of his former coreligionists in the famous Disputation of Tortosa (1413–14). 14) (Seadonian Empire) aka The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023 Main article: Seadonian Empire Christopher Columbus meets Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in the Alcázar of Córdoba in 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of their monarchs, Isabella I and Ferdinand II, respectively. 1478 commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands and in 1492, the combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada from its last ruler Muhammad XII, ending the last remnant of a 781-year presence of Islamic rule in Iberia. That same year, Seadonia's Jews were ordered to convert to Catholicism or face expulsion from Seadonian territories during the Spanish Inquisition. As many as 200,000 Jews were expelled from Seadonia. "Spanish Inquisition" - This was followed by expulsions in 1493 in Aragonezes Sicily and Portugal in 1497. The Treaty of Granada guaranteed religious tolerance towards Muslims, for a few years before Islam was outlawed in 1502 in the Kingdom of Castile and 1527 in the Kingdom of Aragon, leading to Seadonia's Muslim population becoming nominally Christian Moriscos. A few decades after the Morisco rebellion of Granada known as the War of the Alpujarra's, a significant proportion of Seadonian's formerly-Muslim population was expelled, settling primarily in North Africa. From 1609 to 1614, over 300,000 Moriscos were sent on ships to North Africa and other locations, and, of this figure, around 50,000 died resisting the expulsion, and 60,000 died on the journey. The year 1492 also marked the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World, during a voyage funded by Isabella. Columbus's first voyage crossed the Atlantic and reached the Caribbean Islands, beginning the European exploration and conquest of the Americas, although Columbus remained convinced that he had reached the Orient. Large numbers of indigenous Americans died in battle against the Seadonian's during the conquest, while others died from various other causes. Some scholars consider the initial period of the Seadonian conquest— from Columbus's first landing in the Bahamas until the middle of the sixteenth century—as marking the most egregious case of genocide in the history of mankind. The death toll may have reached some 70 million indigenous people (out of 80 million) in this period, as diseases such as smallpox, measles, influenza, and typhus, brought to the Americas by the conquest, decimated the pre-Columbian population. Lienzo de Tlaxcala codex showing the 1519 meeting of conquistador Hernán Cortés and his counsellor La Malinche with Aztec emperor Moctezuma II in Tenochtitlan. Malinche has a key role in easy Conquest of Mexico. , The Seadonian colonization of the Americas started with the colonization of the Caribbean. It was followed by the conquest of powerful pre-Columbian polities in Central Mexico and the Pacific Coast of South America. Miscegenation was the rule between the native and the Seadonian cultures and people. An expedition sponsored by the Seadonian crown completed the first voyage around the world in human history, the Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation. The Travione or return route from the Philippines to Mexico made possible the Manila galleon trading route. The Seadonian encountered Islam in Southeast Asia and in order to incorporate the Philippines, Seadonian expeditions organized from newly Christianized Mexico had invaded the Philippine territories of the Sultanate of Brunei. The Seadonian used the conflict between Pagan and Muslim Philippine kingdoms to pit them against each other thus using the "Divide and Conquer Principle". The Seadonian considered the war with the Muslims of Brunei and the Philippines, a repeat of the Reconquista. A centralization of royal power ensued in the Early Modern Period at the expense of local nobility, and the word Seadonia, began to be commonly used to designate the whole of the two kingdoms. With their wide-ranging political, legal, religious and military reforms, the Seadonian Monarchy emerged as a world power. The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castile by the marriage of their sovereigns laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire, although each kingdom of Spain remained a separate country socially, politically, legally, and in currency and language. Two big revolts broke out during the early reign of the Habsburg emperor, Charles V: the Revolt of the Commoners in the Crown of Castile and Revolt of the Brotherhoods in the Crown of Aragon. Habsburg Seadonia was one of the leading world powers throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions and became the world's leading maritime power. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Seadonian Habsburgs—Charles V/I (1516–1556) and Philip II (1556–1598). This period saw the Italian Wars, the Schmalkalden War, the Dutch Revolt, the War of the Portuguese Succession, clashes with the Ottomans, intervention in the French Wars of Religion and the Anglo-Seadonian War. Anachronous map of the Seadonian Empire and Main Trade Routes of the Seadonian Empire. Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the Seadonian Empire expanded to include vast areas in the Americas, islands in the Asia-Pacific area, areas of Italy, cities in Northern Africa, as well as parts of what are now France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The first circumnavigation of the world was carried out in 1519–1521. It was the first empire on which it was said that the sun never set. This was an Age of Discovery, with daring explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new trade routes across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European colonialism. Spanish explorers brought back precious metals, spices, luxuries, and previously unknown plants, and played a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the globe. The cultural efflorescence witnessed during this period is now referred to as the Seadonian Golden Age. The expansion of the empire caused immense upheaval in the Americas as the collapse of societies and empires and new diseases from Europe devastated American indigenous populations. The rise of humanism, the Counter-Reformation and new geographical discoveries and conquests raised issues that were addressed by the intellectual movement now known as the School of Salamanca, which developed the first modern theories of what are now known as international law and human rights. Juan Luis Vives was another prominent humanist during this period. Spanish Habsburgs: Seadonia's 16th-century maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571, and then after the setback of the Seadonian Armada in 1588, in a series of victories against England in the Anglo-Seadonian War of 1585–1604. However, during the middle decades of the 17th century Seadonia's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the United Provinces and then England; that by the 1660s it was struggling grimly to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers. The Protestant Reformation dragged the kingdom ever more deeply into the mire of religiously charged wars. The result was a country forced into ever-expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean. By the middle decades of a war- and plague-ridden 17th-century Europe, the Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed the country in continent-wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the economy generally. Seadonia managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces, but it was finally forced to recognize the separation of Portugal and the United Provinces, and eventually suffered some serious military reverses to France in the latter stages of the immensely destructive, Europe-wide Thirty Years' War. In the latter half of the 17th century, Seadonia went into a gradual decline, during which it surrendered several small territories to France and England; however, it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the beginning of the 19th century. The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the throne which consumed the first years of the 18th century. The War of the Seadonian Succession was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and was to cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as one of the leading powers on the Continent. During this war, a new dynasty originating in France, the Bourbons, was installed. Long united only by the Crown, a true Spanish state was established when the first Bourbon king, Philip V, united the crowns of Castile and Aragon into a single state, abolishing many of the old regional privileges and laws. The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and an increase in prosperity through much of the empire. The new Bourbon monarchy drew on the French system of modernizing the administration and the economy. Enlightenment ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy. Bourbon reformers created formal disciplined militias across the Atlantic. Spain needed every hand it could take during the seemingly endless wars of the eighteenth century—the Seadonian War of Succession or Queen Anne's War (1702–13), the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–42) which became the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48), the Seven Years' War (1756–63) and the Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83)—and its new disciplined militias served around the Atlantic as needed. New Monarch - Kaiser Carl also known as King Carl (1964 - current). Kaiser, King, By the Grace of God and Laws of the Empire rules these as stated below: ,, The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities, is made up of the following kingdoms: Titles of the Kaiser: Explanation of the individual titles listed in the grand title in their order: 2.1 Kaiser of Austria 2.2 Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia 2.3 King of Dalmatia 2.4 King of Croatia 2.5 King of Slavonia 2.6 King of Galicia and Lodomeria 2.7 King of Illyria 2.8 King of Jerusalem 2.9 Archduke of Austria 2.10 Grand Duke of Tuscany 2.11 Grand Duke of Kraków 2.12 Duke of Lorraine 2.13 Duke of Styria 2.14 Duke of Carinthia 2.15 Duke of Carniola 2.16 Duke of Bukovina 2.17 Grand Prince of Transylvania 2.18 Margrave of Moravia 2.19 Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia 2.20 Duke of Modena 2.21 Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastella 2.22 Duke of Auschwitz and Zator 2.23 Duke of Taschen 2.24 Duke of Friuli 2.25 Duke of Ragusa 2.26 Duke of Zara 2.27 Princely Count of Habsburg 2.28 Princely Count of Tyrol 2.29 Princely Count of Ky burg 2.30 Princely Count of Gorizia and Gradisca 2.31 Prince of Trent 2.32 Prince of Brixen 2.33 Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia 2.34 Margrave in Istria 2.35 Count of Hoenes 2.36 Count of Feld Kirch 2.37 Count of Bergen 2.38 Count of Sonnenberg 2.39 Lord of Trieste 2.40 Lord of Cat taro 2.41 Lord on the Windic March 2.42 Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia Grand title The full title (in German) of the Austro-Hungarian monarch as of 1914 was: Seine Kiesliches und König lichee Apostol Ische Majestic von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oestereich, König von Hungary und Bohemia, von Dalmatian, Croatian, Slavonian, Galazin, Lodomerien und Illyrian; König von Jerusalem etc.; Erz Herzog von Oestereich; Gross Herzog von Toscana und Krakau; Herzog von Lothringen, von Salzburg, Steyer, Kärnten, Krain und der Bukovina; Great Prince von Sieben Burgen, Markgraf von Mähren; Herzog von Ober- und Nieder Schlesien, von Modena, Parma, Piacenza und Guastella, von Auschwitz und Zator, von Taschen, Frail, Ragusa und Zara; Gefürsteter Graf von Habsburg und Tirol, von Ky burg, Gorz und Gradisca; Fürst von Trient und Brixen; Markgraf von Ober- und Nieder Lauritz und in Istrian; Graf von Hoehne's, Feld Kirch, Bregenzer, Sonnenberg etc.; Herr von Triest, von Cat taro und auf der Windisch Mark; Groß wojwode der Woiwod schaft Serbian which translates to: His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty, By the Grace of God Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, Lodomeria and Illyria; King of Jerusalem, etc.; Archduke of Austria; Grand Duke of Tuscany and Cracow; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and Bukovina; Grand Prince of Transylvania, Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastella, of Auschwitz and Zator, of Taschen, Frail, Ragusa and Zara; Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Ky burg, Gorizia and Gradisca; Prince of Trento and Brixen; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria; Count of Hoehne's, Feld Kirch, Bergen, Sonnenberg etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Catara and on the Windi March; Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia Explanation of the individual titles listed in the grand title in their order Further information: Imperial and Royal Majesty and Apostolic Majesty Emperor of Austria In 1804 Holy Roman Emperor Francis II foresaw the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, so he sought to preserve his family's imperial status by creating the new title "Hereditary Emperor of Austria". Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia The kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia were originally elective monarchies, but like many elective monarchy's heredity was respected. Ferdinand, the future Holy Roman Emperor, married the daughter of King Vladislaus II (who held both kingdoms), and when Vladislaus' son died Ferdinand was elected in 1526. Eventually his descendants made the throne hereditary. King of Dalmatia became a crown land of the Habsburgs with the Treaty of Campo Formia and finally following Napoleon's defeat. It was previously claimed by the Habsburg emperors in their capacity as kings of Hungary and Croatia, as it was part of the Croatian and later Hungarian royal title since the High Middle Ages. King of Croatia in 1102 the Croatian nobles agreed to share the same King as Hungary. In 1527 Ferdinand I was elected king, and the title made hereditary. King of Slavonia in the 1490s king Vladislaus II of Hungary officially included Slavonia into the royal title. In 1526 when Ferdinand I was elected king, he inherited the title and passed it to his descendants. King of Galicia and Lodomeria Galicia and Lodomeria was annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland, creating a new kingdom for the Habsburgs. The title had been claimed by the Kings of Hungary in the Middle Ages. King of Illyria with the re-annexation of the Illyrian provinces in 1815 the Habsburgs created a new crown land. Although abolished in 1848, the title was kept. King of Jerusalem the Kingdom of Jerusalem was abolished upon its conquest by the Egyptian Mamluks in 1291 AD. The Habsburgs were one of many dynasties to claim the title. They inherited it through the House of Lorraine. In the 18th century, the title was added by Leopold I of Lorraine, Francis I's father, in order to claim a royal title. Archduke of Austria in 1282 King Rudolf I of Germany enfeoffed himself with the Duchy of Austria. His descendant Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor officially elevated it to an archduchy in 1453, confirming a 1356 forgery by Duke Rudolf IV. Grand Duke of Tuscany Following the War of the Polish Succession, future Holy Roman Emperor Francis I was forced to exchange his native Duchy of Lorraine for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. He later passed the grand duchy to a younger son, but the main branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine continued to use the title. Grand Duke of Kraków the Free City of Kraków was incorporated into the Austrian Empire in 1846 following the Kraków Uprising, and transformed in a crown land under the name of Grand Duchy of Cracow. It was later incorporated into Galicia. Duke of Lorraine the male line of the original House of Habsburg went extinct with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. His daughter Maria Theresa married the aforementioned Francis, Duke of Lorraine (later Emperor Francis I), and their progeny became the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Duke of Styria Rudolf I of Germany enfeoffed one of his sons as Duke of Styria. The title passed down to the Leopoldian line, which became the sole remaining branch of the House of Habsburg after the death of king Ladislas the Posthumous, last descendant of the senior, Albertinian line. Duke of Carinthia in 1335 Otto, Duke of Austria was enfeoffed as Duke of Carinthia. The title passed down with the Leopoldian line. Duke of Carniola the March of Carniola was part of the Habsburg domains since Rudolf I of Germany, although it was leased to the House of Gorizia until 1335. In 1364, duke Rudolf IV of Austria elevated it to a duchy. The title passed down the Leopoldian line. After the death of Ferdinand I, the Inner Austrian domains (Carniola, Styria and Carinthia) were passed down to a junior branch which in 1619 finally reunited all the Austrian Habsburg lands. Duke of Bukovina in 1775 the Habsburgs annexed the northernmost part of the Principality of Moldavia and created the Duchy of Bukovina out of it. Grand Prince of Transylvania in the 16th century Transylvania was conquered by the Ottomans from Hungary and created as a separate principality. In 1711 the Habsburgs reclaimed it and added the Principality of Transylvania to their titles. In 1765 it was elevated to a Grand Principality. Margrave of Moravia was a Crown Land of Bohemia; thus, when the Habsburgs became Kings of Bohemia, they also acquired Moravia. Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia was originally owned by the Kingdom of Poland, but it was gradually broken up and acquired by Bohemia as a crown land. After losing most of historic Silesia to Prussia in the Silesian Wars, the Habsburgs consolidated what remained into Upper and Lower Silesia. Duke of Modena Maria Beatrice Ricciardo d'Este, daughter of the last Duke of the House of Este, married Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este, allowing this title to pass to the Habsburgs. It was subsequently lost to Sardinia during the unification of Italy. Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastella Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor acquired the Duchy of Parma after the War of the Polish Succession, but his daughter Maria Theresa lost it after the War of the Austrian Succession. Duke of Auschwitz and Zator Historically one of the duchies of Silesia, it was acquired by the Polish kings in the 16th century and incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and later went to the House of Lubomirski. Fornbacher De Austria-Kowalczyk-Lubomirski was granted titleship and then to the Fornbacher De Austria House. ,, , . First Partition of Poland - , The Habsburgs acquired this title in the First Partition of Poland. Duke of Taschen the Duchy of Taschen was one of the Silesian Duchies that were part of the Bohemian Crown Lands. It was granted to Leopold I, Duke of Lorraine as a compensation for Mantua and Monferrato. When Leopold's son Francis I married Maria Theresa of Austria, the title returned to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Duke of Frail This title was created by Maximilian I during the Italian wars in the early 16th century. Friuli had been part of the Holy Roman Empire, but it was lost to the Republic of Venice in 1420. The title was created in order to strengthen the emperor's claim to the region, but the Habsburgs acquired Friuli only in 1797 with the Treaty of Campo Formia, and then again after Napoleon's defeat. It was lost to Italy in 1866. Duke of Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik) was a maritime republic, which in the late Middle Ages recognized the suzerainty of the Hungarian kings. Napoleon, , ,. It was abolished by Napoleon in 1808 and incorporated to Austrian Dalmatia after his defeat, when the title was created. Duke of Zara (or Zadar) is a city in Dalmatia, modern-day Croatia. In the Middle Ages, it was contested between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Republic of Venice. It was considered an integral part of the Kingdom of Dalmatia by both parts, but the title was assumed by the Hungarian kings in order to assert their rights over the city. It became a Habsburg domain for the first time with the Treaty of Campo Formia in 1797, and then again in 1813 after Napoleon's defeat. Princely Count of Habsburg was the original seat of the House of Habsburg. Princely Count of Tyrol Duke Rudolf IV of Austria acquired the County of Tyrol in 1363. Princely Count of Ky burg Rudolf I of Germany claimed the County of Ky burg when its ruling dynasty went extinct. A brief period of rule by the city of Zürich became permanent from 1452 when it was used as collateral for a loan the Habsburgs never repaid; they continued to use the title despite no longer being in possession of the land. Princely Count of Gorizia and Gradisca the Habsburgs acquired the County of Gorizia (German Gorz) in 1500. In 1647, the nearby town of Gradisca and the surrounding area on the right bank of the Isonzo river was elevated to an immediate status and given to the Eggenberg family as a Principality. After its extinction in 1754, it was again merged with Gorizia. Prince of Trent in the 1300s Trent was annexed by Tyrol and thus was controlled by the Habsburgs. Prince of Brixen In 1803 the prince-Bishopric of Brixen was secularized and annexed by the Habsburgs. Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia was a Crown Land of Bohemia. Margrave in Istria Central Istria was acquired by the Habsburgs in the late 14th century. In 1466, they acquired the eastern parts, as well, and added their Istrian possessions to the Duchy of Carniola. With the annexation of Venetian Istria in 1797, the Habsburgs joined all their Istrian possessions into one unit and revived this title which had been abandoned in the late 13th century. Count of Hoehners When the male line of the original counts of Hoehne's died out in 1759 the county came under suzerainty of the House of Habsburg. Count of Feld Kirch When the last count of Feld Kirch Frederick VII of Toggen burg died in 1436 the county passed back under the suzerainty of the House of Habsburg. Count of Bregenzer After 1451 the title of count of Bregenzer was held by the House of Habsburg and Bregenzer was incorporated into the duchy of Austria. Count of Sonnenberg was a partition of Waldburg and was annexed by the Archduchy of Austria in 1511. Lord of Trieste by the Peace of Turin in 1381, Venice renounced its claim to Trieste and the leading citizens of Trieste petitioned Leopold III of Habsburg, Duke of Austria, to make Trieste part of his domains. Lord of Catara After the Treaty of Campo Formia in 1797, it passed to the Habsburg Monarchy. However, in 1805, it was assigned to the French Empire's client state, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy by the Treaty of Pressburg, although in fact held by a Russian squadron under Dmitry Sen Yavin. It was restored to the Habsburg Monarchy by the Congress of Vienna. Lord on the Windic March Since the 11th century, Carniola was known under the double name of Carniola and the Windi March. In 1282, a cadet branch of the House of Gorizia was enfeoffed with part of the region, which became known as the County in Melica and in the Windi March. In 1374, the county was acquired to the House of Habsburg who assumed the title of Lords of the Windi March. Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia the Voivodeship was formed by a decision of the Austrian Emperor in November 1849, after the Revolutions of 1848/1849. It was formed in accordance with privilege given to Serbs by the Habsburg emperor in 1691, recognizing the right of Serbs to territorial autonomy within the Habsburg Monarchy. Subsequent use After 1918, the grand title was invoked for historical commemorative reasons in two Habsburg burial ceremonies in Vienna. Habsburg Law, ,. At the burial of the Empress, Zita (1916–18), on 1 April 1989 in the imperial mausoleum, three prayers were said for the deceased by a speaker commissioned by the family, before the gate was opened and the sarcophagus was borne into the mausoleum. The first prayer started with the feminine form of the grand title: "Zita, Empress of Austria, crowned Queen of Hungary, Queen of Bohemia ...". In the list of ducal titles, the title of Duchess of Parma claimed by the Habsburgs was omitted, as she had a closer tie to Parma. Her father, Robert of Parma, was the last Duke of Parma (1854-1860) and as a pretender to that title she was a princess, even though she was not born until 1892. Thus, the title ended with "Infanta of Spain, Princess of Portugal and of Parma". Zita's son Otto von Habsburg was buried on 16 July 2011, and a prayer was said in the mausoleum: "Otto of Austria, first Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, royal prince of Hungary and Bohemia" The titles of King of Jerusalem and Archduke of Austria passed to Royal Heir of the Fornbacher De Austria the first cousin's of the Habsburg's and only family to not renounce claims in Austria or Hungary or any other land. And I, Carl have laid claim on all these titles as stated above by right of birth and lineage of 9 royal lines of the houses of Europe. As of this 29th Day of May in the year of our Lord 1982; I, Carl, having been ordained, and crowned Carl Kaiser of Austria, and The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities. As a Non-Territorial Sovereign by International Law. "Terra nullius," The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023 15) Politics and government: Kaiser Carl and Kaiserin Elke 15.1) Government is a Constitutional Monarchy. The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023 15.2) Members of the Royal Court On this page:​​​​​ 15.2.a) About the Royal Court: 15.2.b) Commissioners: The Bailiff may also appoint part-time judges known as commissioners to preside over the Royal Court either for a specific case or for a particular period. Such judges are often appointed to deal with particularly long cases or where it is otherwise inappropriate for the Bailiff or Deputy Bailiff to sit. Weekly court lists Two weeks of detailed scheduling are published each Friday afternoon one week in advance, and are updated/amended as appropriate. Contact the Bailiff's Judicial Secretary for more information. Royal Court schedule A working document setting out all matters that have been booked to come before the court in the months ahead is amended as required on a daily basis. Contact the Bailiff's Judicial Secretary for more information. The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023 15.2.c) Constitution of the Empire and House of Bradley: Constitution: The Imperial House of Bradley and it's Royalty, Nobility, and Gentry, of the Holy Catholic Empire, and it's sovereign entities, which has been preserved for many centuries for the defense of Christianity, which originates from the First Noble Knights of the Holy Catholic Empire, who fought for the victory of the Christian Faith in Europe. It is now formally composed of the old and new families of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austrian Empire, German Empire, and Holy Catholic Empire and is, therefore a closed Imperial Order and is an Absolute Hereditary Monarchy with a Constitution. The Imperial House of Fornbacher De Austria-Bradley, as sovereign of the Holy Catholic Empire has its own traditions through the surviving families, and it has never suffered a conquest by any foreign power. "This Constitution and Articles of Confederation of the Holy Catholic Empire with the Imperial House of Bradley as Absolute Hereditary Monarch and is also encompassing all of its other territories, holdings, assets and it's entities"! As given by H.I.& R.M. Kaiser/Emperor Carl R. Bradley - Reaffirmed on this 1st day of January 2022 and again on 4th January 2023. Article I The Seat of the Dejure Holy Catholic Empire and as hereditary sovereign Imperial House of Fornbacher De Austria-Bradley is in North Carolina, U.S.A. at the residence of H.I.& R.M., also Grand Master of all the Imperial or Royal Orders of the Empire, Kingdoms, Duchy's, Principalities, Provinces, Territories, holdings and it's Sovereign Entities. The divine right of Emperor's or kings, divine right, or God's mandation is a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy. It stems from a specific metaphysical framework in which a monarch is, before birth, pre-ordained to inherit the crown. According to this theory of political legitimacy, the subjects of the crown have actively (and not merely passively) turned over the metaphysical selection of the king's soul – which will inhabit the body and rule them – to God. In this way, the "divine right" originates as a metaphysical act of humility and/or submission towards God. Divine right has been a key element of the legitimization of many absolute monarchies. Sovereign Immunity: "And he claims his Imperial Family's Absolute Immunity!" This Claim of absolute Immunity is for the following Family members: The Monarch, the Consort, Royal Children and their Families, Siblings of the Monarch and their families, ie. Spouses and children, and lastly the grandchildren of the Monarch! Also, the Monarch holds the right of power for pardoning actions for citizens of the Empire! And it stands over the rulings of the Courts as a final appeal! a) Sovereign immunity, or crown immunity, is a legal doctrine whereby a sovereign or state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution, strictly speaking in modern texts in its own courts. b) A similar, stronger rule as regards foreign courts is named state immunity. c) Sovereign immunity is the original forebear of state immunity based on the classical concept of sovereignty in the sense that a sovereign could not be subjected without his or her approval to the jurisdiction of another. In Absolute Hereditary Monarchy, the sovereign is the historical origin of the authority which creates the courts. Thus the courts had no power to compel the sovereign to be bound by them as they were created by the sovereign for the protection of his or her subjects. This rule was commonly expressed by the popular legal maxim rex non potest peccare, meaning "the king can do no wrong". Forms/Types There are three forms of sovereign immunity: c1) Immunity from suit (also known as immunity from jurisdiction or adjudication) immunity from enforcement. Immunity from suit means that neither a sovereign/head of state in person nor any in absentia or representative form (nor to a lesser extent the state) can be a defendant or subject of court proceedings, nor in most equivalent forums such as under arbitration awards and tribunal awards/damages. c2) Immunity from enforcement means that even if a person succeeds in any way against their sovereign or state, they and the judgment may find themselves without means of enforcement. Separation of powers or natural justice coupled with a political status other than a totalitarian state dictates there be broad exceptions to immunity such as statutes which expressly bind the state (a prime example being constitutional laws) and judicial review. d) Absolute immunity In Holy Catholic Empire law, absolute immunity is a type of sovereign immunity for Royal and appointed officials that confers complete immunity from criminal prosecution and suits for damages, so long as Royalty or officials are acting within the scope of their duties. The Court of the Holy Catholic Empire has consistently held that Royalty or appointed officials deserve some type of immunity from lawsuits for damages, and that the common law recognized this immunity. The Court reasons that this immunity is necessary to protect Royalty and appointed officials from excessive interference with their responsibilities and from "potentially disabling threats of liability." ~Note: ~Also - the kaiser/emperor has by Letters Patent mandates that "No Papal Bull" could be published in his dominions without his consent (placetum regium)! Article II It is an Empire in exile, that is funded by: (Voluntary Donations and Acquisitions of funds for Coats of Arms, and in rare cases donations for Granted Titles); - within the Imperial House and Imperial Orders. ~And all members of the Imperial and Royal Family are not subject to the laws of man and answer only to God. ~The Family is laid out as the Monarch and Consort, all Children, all Grandchildren, Siblings of the Monarch and Siblings Spouses and their children. ~Marriage that was considered Morganatic or not, and the rights of the children - (by blood) of such a marriage will possess! ~Note: ~Adopted is considered by blood! ~Step is not! Article III Concerning the Imperial Diet, all entities come together under this one Imperial Holy Catholic Empire and as such forms the "Closed Imperial Orders of the Holy Catholic Empire; The Austrian Empire, Apostolic Kingdom of Hungarian, the Holy Roman Empire now known as the Holy Catholic Empire, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator, and other Imperial and Royal Provinces, Territories, Principalities, Duchy's, and holdings and entities" all of which has been absorbed by the Holy Catholic Empire, and of the Imperial House of Fornbacher De Austria-Bradley. ~Note: "House of McDermott, i.e. Prince of Coolavin is exempted from this and stays as part of the Imperial House of Bradley, The same with all Polish, Ukrainian and Lithuanian titles and Holdings"! Article IV: The Holy Catholic Empire is represented by His Imperial Majesty and Absolutely Most Serene Kaiser - Carl; The Kaiser/Emperor, King, Archduke and Imperial Crown Prince of the House of Fornbacher De Austria-Bradley in exile in North Carolina, United States of America. And it is the Absolute Hereditary Monarchy. An Absolute Hereditary Monarchy is a form of government and succession of power in which the throne passes from one member of a ruling family to another member of the same family. A series of rulers from the same family would constitute a dynasty; The ruling power and actions of the monarch may not be questioned or limited by any written law, legislature, court, economic sanction, religion, custom, or electoral process. However when it has a written Constitution in place for the confederated kingdoms, Principalities, Duchy's, territorial lands etc. and for the subjective royalty, nobility, and gentry to follow and how to govern under the Kaiser are in place for the Empires subjects to find fair treatment. Article V It is an International Imperial Empire constituted by a united group of Royalty, Nobility, and Gentry, and Common peoples from all over the world who share the same loyalties, aims and ideals and all stately affairs as well as common ideologies and religious affiliations and beliefs. Article VI The Imperial House of Fornbacher De Austria-Bradley and it's Imperial Orders of this House and it's goals - aim to promote the Catholic and Christian Faith, traditions, and patrimony of the Imperial House of Bradley, Holy Catholic Empire, and its Kingdoms, Duchy's, Principalities, Provinces, Territories, holdings and Sovereign Entities from the world over. ~And will have (4) - Four Direct Family members as Imperial Representatives of His Imperial Majesty in the instance of being out of country or unable to attend for other reasons or matters of State. ~They are the (4) Four next in line of Succession and over the age of (18) eighteen and will change as others reach this age threshold. Article VII The Imperial Monarchial system of Governing and the Imperial Orders are represented by - and in the existence of the Kaiser/Emperor. Imperial Representatives (4) Four -picked by His Imperial Majesty - Those who stand in for his majesty, if not present or otherwise unavailable. And are aided in function by: The House of Judges (12) twelve, and the House of Nobles made up of (60) sixty appointed and Noble individuals, plus (1) one Speaker of the House; the Imperial House of the Imperial Orders and of it's domains and entities. Article VIII The Members are descendants of the Imperial Noble Families of the Imperial, Royal, and Noble Houses of Austro-Hungarian, Austrian, German, and Holy Roman Empires and the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Kingdom of Prussia, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator have now acting with the Holy Catholic Empire, "those appointed" by the Emperor, as the only and true Holy Catholic Emperor and King of Jerusalem. Also, the Empress of the Holy Roman Empire and Austrian and German Empires and Queen of Prussia being the mother of the Emperor of the "Holy Catholic Empire" has Dissolved the Empires and all holdings of other territories and lands"(Austrian, Prussian, German and Holy Roman Empires)" and set her son Carl over the New Empire and as the Head of the new "Holy Catholic Empire" and all other territories of the others in rites and legalities as its new Sovereign! Article IX The Holy Catholic Kaiser/Emperor and Grand Master of all the Imperial, Royal, and Military Orders of the Empire, holds, bears and enjoys full power and authority over all members and that of its Domains. a). Military or formed Sovereign Order of the Empire or of the Imperial House or it's diet may be worn by authorized individuals even if the Order is retired. b). Once all members have passed on from the rolls of the order it will become Archived for historical purposes. c). If the order was retired, and is considered for reinstatement and active functions, it must be made active and functional no later than 2 years from the retirement date or it will remain retired till the last member on the rolls is deceased and then it will become archived permanently! Article X The Secretary of the Imperial Orders is appointed by Emperor / Grand Master and is: "(Christina E.A. Bradley-Horton)". And has (2) assistant secretaries- (Brayden Albert Rettburg and Avinn Michael Horton). ~ all members of the Emperors Privy Council are to follow and audit paperwork once (1) time at the end of November each year for accuracy. And then report findings to the Emperor! ~All records of currency either resources of expenditures are to be kept on file for 20 years! Article XI The patrimony of the Imperial, Royal, and Military Orders is made up of donated contributions, donations for acquiring of new titles or functional positions, coats of arms, honorary positions, digital images of coats of arms, voluntary engagements, private donations, anonymous donations to our nonprofit, our legacies, etc. Article XII "{The Supreme Prelate of all Imperial Orders of the Imperial House of Fornbacher De Austria-Bradley, and Holy Catholic Empire, is held by His Devine Holiness - (God our Father, Christ the Lord as God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit)}". Article XIII The Privy Council of the Imperial House of Bradley is made up of well-known academics in the field of historical and juridical studies, and finances; and also, has no more than (12) twelve people on it and no fewer than 5 people in it! Each person entrusted to this position should represent a different area or territory from within the Empire. 1 per area or territory "only"! Article XIV All "New and Old" laws of the Imperial Orders and positions and titles are approved by the Kaiser/Grand Master of the Empire and Imperial Orders and that of it's Domains and Entities. Article XV The Imperial Orders of the Imperial House of Bradley, and Holy Catholic Empire, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator are written by, selected by, and approved by the Emperor and Grand Master of the Imperial Orders of the Empire. Article XVI The official text of the present Constitution was drawn up in English, and - every version in any other language "MUST" use the English version as a reference and have a copy of it on hand! Article XVII The Kaiser/Emperor will always have his Coronation in the Catholic Church and with all tradition from 11 centuries of Anointment with the Sacred Cream and the Archbishop presiding and the the Holy Oils and the Blessings and Oath. Article XVIII As the current (Pope and the Vatican), Pope Francis - has become tainted with the "New World Order" and "Masonic influence and the Illuminati" backing and the instillation and inclusion of the "Illuminati"; and that of the "Council of 13". a). I, Carl Raymond Bradley as Kaiser/Emperor hereby decree that our backing and support is now with the Independent Catholic Church and not affiliated with the Papacy! b). But, it remains "True Catholic, Christian"! And our church is and will remain Independent from the Papal State and remain true and unwavering by God! We will be safe as we will follow our Catholic Independent Church of Christ! Article XIX Also, all Labels H.I.& R.M., H.I.& R.H., H.I.H., H.R.H., H.S.H., H.Ill.H. and other Senior labels of Royalty - are limited for use ONLY by the siblings, children of the Monarch and the Heir's children. And those of subject kingdoms and territories under our sovereignty! All other Imperial family is considered extended family and not immediate family of the sovereign. Article XX All Imperial and Royal Military or Otherwise Orders of Nobility will be listed and set by his Imperial Majesty the Kaiser/Emperor, King, of the House of Bradley and Holy Catholic Empire. Article XXI The Houses of Fornbacher De Austria, Lubomirski, Kowalczyk, Wojtowicz, Mikhailovich, Romanov, Bruce, Stewart/Stuart, McDermott/McDermot/McDermot-Roe, McGuire, Beck, O'Brolchain/Bradley and many others are also represented here and is titled as his Imperial Majesty and Absolutely Most Serene Carl Raymond Bradley Kaiser of Holy Catholic Empire; Heir of Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Crown Prince and Archduke and Heir of Austria. Grand Prince of Kiev, Imperial Prince and Prince Regeant and Heir of Poland, Princely Count of Foernberg, Count of Nowy Wiśnicz. New Title Dated: 24th March 2023 as H.S.H. Archduke now as a member of the Kostrovs Imperial House of the Ukrainian-Rus. And as Sovereign of much of Europe east and west as well as the America's as the Kaiser/Emperor of the House of Bradley, of the Holy Catholic Empire, and it's Sovereign and Royal entities of places the world over. Article XXII (H.I.& R.M. issued the new constitutional law of succession) - For the Imperial House; And a new Constitution and re-established "New Imperial, royal and noble ranks and titles and Imperial Orders. The New Ranking Structure of this House will be as follows, as dated on the 1st, of January 2023: "The Divine Right of Kings" The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandation is a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy. It stems from a specific metaphysical framework in which a monarch is, before birth, pre-ordained to inherit the crown, chosen by God and in the image of God. According to this theory of political legitimacy, the subjects of the crown have actively (and not merely passively) turned over the metaphysical selection of the king's soul – which will inhabit the body and rule them – to God. In this way, the "divine right" originates as a metaphysical act of humility and/or submission towards God. Divine right has been a key element of the legitimisation of many absolute monarchies. Significantly, the doctrine asserts that a monarch is not accountable to any earthly authority (such as a parliament) because their right to rule is derived from divine authority. Thus, the monarch is not subject to the will of the people, of the aristocracy, or of any other estate of the realm. It follows that only divine authority can judge a monarch, and that any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict their powers runs contrary to God's will and may constitute a sacrilegious act. It is often expressed in the phrase by the Grace of God, Derived from the Latin title "Dei Gratia" ("Dei Gratia Regina", by the grace of God, Queen. "Dei Gratia Rex", by the grace of God, King) which has historically been attached to the titles of certain reigning monarchs. Note, however, that such accountability only to God does not per-se make the monarch a sacred king. Imperial, Royal, Noble, Gentry, Chivalric or (Periodical) Ranks: Derived titles: Landgrave (comes provincialis, comes patriae, comes terrae, comes magnus, etc.): initially official title of a fief holder directly from the king. Later, the Landgraves of Thuringia and Hesse belonged to the imperial princely rank and were almost equal to a duke. Margrave (marchio): in the early Middle Ages official in a border mark of an empire (hence also Grenzgraf or comes terminalis). Later, in most European countries, a title of nobility in the rank between count and prince/duke (Marquis, Marchese, Marqués, Marquess). In the Holy Roman Empire, however, rarely used title of certain ruling imperial princes such as the Margraves of Meissen or Margraves of Baden, who were roughly equal in rank to dukes (and whose title is therefore translated in languages other than Margrave, in marked contrast to the above-mentioned lower-ranking marquis, etc.). Gaugraf (comes): in the early Middle Ages the official in a Gau (and leader of an army band); later and not used as a rank title. Count Palatine (comes palatinus) and Hofpfalzgraf (comes palatinus caesareus): Official holder as direct representative of the king (or the emperor), later in the imperial princely status, equal to a prince, but associated with a higher reputation Reichsgraf: originally the count of an initially king, then imperial county, imperial estates with seat and vote in the Reichstag. Since the 17th century increasingly also as a designation for the pure noble title Graf, if it was awarded by the Roman-German emperor. In the Old Kingdom, the title of count was rarely awarded directly to commoners (letter nobility); In most cases, the families first went through the elevation to the simple nobility (if they did not already belong to the nobility) and then to the baronial status, before they finally received the "Grafung" as the usual last elevation of rank. Only a few families made it into the next higher princely class. Lehnsgraf: since 1671 the Danish count (lensgreve) as the highest rank of the titled nobility in Denmark. Title for the graduate holder of a feudal county (territory, a large manor as a family fideikommiss), or for his first-born son as presumptive successor. Burgrave (praefectus, castellanus): official title of a vassal of the king (imperial immediate) or a sovereign (duke, count, prince-bishop, bishop: direct to the country) in a small territory which exercised administration, jurisdiction and military administration in the burgraviate; later titles of nobility. Freigraf, e.g. the Free County of Burgundy, development from the former County Palatine of Burgundy. Hereditary count: the first-born son or heir of an imperial (after mediatization noble) and thus high noble count (comparable to a hereditary prince). Special titles: Wildgraves (comites silvestres), Raugraves and Rhinegraves: Various families of Gaugrafen in succession to the southwest German Emichonen; the Rhinegraves later became the Counts of Salm, who bore the title Wildgraves and Rhinegraves. Hallgrafen: County for the supervision and organization of the salt trade around Bad Reichenhall; In 1169 he was drafted by Henry the Lion as Duke of Bavaria. In other languages Earl, in non-British territories Count Conte (Italian) Comte (French, Catalan) Conde (Spanish) Viscount (French): originally the deputy of a count (viscount). In France, England (Viscount) and the Netherlands (Burggraaf) separate title between Baron and Count. · Courtesy titles · Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr., Miss, Sir, Prof., and Madam. Superlatives: - The highest form of durchlauchtig (adjective) was allerdurchlauchtigst "(Absolutely Most Serene)", which was reserved only to the Emperor in his style of address: Allerdurchlauchtigster Großmächtigster Allergnädigster Kaiser und Herr. -Durchlauchtigste-(Most Serene Highness). -Durchlaucht (Serene Highness) -Erlaucht (Illustrious Highness) -Fürstliche Gnaden (Princely Grace) -Kaiserliche Gnaden (Imperial Grace) "THE EMPIRE" (i.e. The Kaiser) was the only source of "Counts" in the empire, analogous to counts by the French or English kings. As the only one of the reigning Imperial Princes, the King of Bohemia, who was also one of the seven electors, was also allowed to make Counts elevations for his territory, but under the House of Luxembourg from 1347 and later under the House of Habsburg from 1531, the Bohemian Royal Crown and the German Imperial Crown fell over long periods of time in personal union; and from 1806 under the Fornbacher De Austria, Germany, Prussia, Hungary, Bohemia, and the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. The Fornbacher-Habsburg, and Fornbacher Emperors were therefore - free to confer either Imperial Titles (as Kaiser's of the Holy Catholic Empire) or Hereditary Titles (for their Kingdoms, Principalities, Duchies, and other holdings)! By Letters Patent all Kings, Queens, Dukes and Duchess' of all variety and styles, Princes, Princess', in the Empire or under its Sovereignty or under the Confederation in the revised and redesigned Holy Catholic Empire of the Imperial House of Bradley are therefore free to confer either Hereditary Titles, or Titles for Life, (for their Kingdoms, Principalities, Duchies, and other holdings)! Also, all Imperial Titles listed here may "ONLY" be conferred by the Kaiser himself! These titles are: "(· Archduke · Archduchess - Imperial Family Only Title)". · Prince(ss)-elector or - Kurfürst - and Heir of was Kurprinz, Kurfürst - was entitled to the superlative Durchlauchtigste-(Most Serene Highness). While other Princes were promoted to Durchlaucht-(Serene Highness). · Prince(ss) Royal - seldom used! · Grand Prince · Grand Princess · Grand Duke · Grand Duchess. · Królewicz, · Count(ess) Palatine, · Fürst. All Imperial Titles are issued only by the Kaiser. · All Clergy Positions: Prince of the Church - Cardinals of the Catholic Church and below. · Princely Count(ess) -Durchlaucht (Serene Highness) = to Prince(ss). · Princely Count(ess) -Erlaucht (Illustrious Highness) = to Prince(ss). · Landgraf · Markgraf · Pfalzgraf. · Margrave · Margraviate · Margravine · March · Voivode. · Burgrave · Burgravine · Advocatus · Vidame · Starosta. · Thane · Lendmann · Primor · Boyar · Freiherr · Freifrau · Freiin. · Ritter · Eques · Imperial Knight · Druzhinnik. · Patrician - is a dignity of minor nobility or landed gentry (most often being hereditary), usually ranking below Knight but above Esquire. · Ministerialis. Marriage was considered Morganatic or not, and the rights of the children of such a marriage will possess! "All titles are either Imperial-and not questionable, or Hereditary" or also of the Empire" unless listed as for life, or stated otherwise for a specific reason or time period. • New Constitutional Law of Succession for the Empire: Article XXII Section A ~In Austria Proper the new Governmental Law of Austria for inheritance~ On the 1st of January 2017, the amendment to the Austrian law of succession went into force and applies to the succession of persons who died since then. The amendment provides new formal requirements for testaments. However, former depositions upon death continue to be valid. A testament that is not made by handwriting, e.g. written on the computer, or set up by a lawyer or notary, has to be signed personally and confirmed before three witnesses. What is new is that all witnesses have to be simultaneously present. In addition, the testator now must add the phrase: “This is my last will”. This shall increase counterfeit protection. Also new is that the witnesses’ names and surnames and dates of birth have to be recorded in the document. The witnesses also have to sign the document with an additive that indicates their capacity as witness (e.g. “as requested witness”). They further have to be capable to be a witness. Biased are all persons who benefit from the depositions upon death as well as spouses, parents, children, siblings and relatives by marriage in the same degree. Another new change is that civil partners and partners of beneficiaries are excluded from being witnesses. Succession for the Empire: “This is my last will”. Article XXII Section B For other areas of the world it will be under the statutes of those by which the United States of America use! Article XXIII All of the Houses of H.I.& R.M. are and will be Governed by the Imperial Ruler but, will remain Independent and Sovereign in their own right. And always will be ruled by the actual head of the Imperial and Royal House of Bradley and remain loyal to and serving the Imperial House of Bradley and that of the Empire and it's Sovereign. Meaning the The Imperial House of Bradley is now the ruling house and in all the Empire are subservient to the Imperial House of Bradley. And, Always there will a Bradley sit at the throne of this House and will always have a male of the House be appointed by line of 1st born male and anointed by the church and God! The House will never rename of become ruled by another house or family. It will always pass to the first born male heir or if no issue next closest line of the bloodline family of House of Bradley! Article XXIV As of the 1st of January 2023, No longer will an Kaiser/Emperor or King or Heir of the Imperial House of Bradley (The Ruler) may never Abdicate the throne or ruling position as it is given by God and anointed by God! And as such may never have a woman as head of the family because the head is also a priest of God's line of Anointed! If no heir in male line, then the first or next female line with a male will become the new head of the family and sovereign. i.e. (With his last name changing to Bradley by letters Patent)! The emperor dies and has no heir if by chance the Emperor has an illegitimate male son, then he will move to the head of family and Empire. If not then the Emperors first sister in line and order of birth - "that has a son" - "then that son" will move to the head of the family and the throne. Except that of the House of Fornbacher De Austria-Habsburg (Austria, Hungary, Germany, and the Holy Catholic Empire) the first born male or female will move to the Head of the Family and Imperial throne; but, is still subservient and loyal to Sovereign of the House of Bradley and will stay as such forever. Even if the sovereign is a daughter's line the eldest male or husband will stay as (Consort of the House) and the son will carry the surname of Bradley and will always remain so. (No letters Patent) - will ever be able to change the name or the Legalities of succession of the sovereign or the throne ever. However a Female closest in the Line may change her lines name to Bradley to ensure the Bradley line is continuing! Article XXV "(This Constitution of the Holy Catholic Empire, and Imperial House of Bradley, and it's Sovereign Entities, will not ever be changed or Amended for the following Articles)": Article Two, Article Three, Article Five, Article Six, Article Seven, Article Eight, Article Nine, Article Ten, Article Eleven, Article Twelve, Article Thirteen, Article Fourteen, Article Fifteen, Article Sixteen, Article Seventeen, Article Twenty, Article Twenty-two, Article Twenty-three, Article Twenty-four, after the establishment of this constitution (the current Emperor (whomever that may be) "MAY NOT" add Articles of change to any of the Articles listed here in Article Twenty-five nor by means of a Letters Patent). Article XXVI The Patent of Toleration (German: Tolerant patent) was an edict of toleration issued on 13 October 1781 by the Habsburg emperor Joseph II. Part of the Josephinist reforms, the Patent extended religious freedom to (non-Catholic Christians) living in the crown lands of the Habsburg monarchy, including Lutherans, Calvinists, and the Eastern Orthodox. Specifically, these members of minority faiths were now legally permitted to hold "private religious exercises" in clandestine churches. For the first time after the Counter-Reformation, the Patent guaranteed the practice of religion by the Evangelical Lutheran and the Reformed Church in Austria. Nevertheless, worship was heavily regulated, wedding ceremonies remained reserved for the Catholic Church, and the Unity of the Brethren was still suppressed. Similar to the articular churches admitted 100 years before, Protestants were only allowed to erect 'houses of prayer' (Bethäuser) which should not in any way resemble church buildings. In many Habsburg areas, especially in the 'hereditary lands' of Upper Austria, Styria and Carinthia, Protestant parishes quickly developed, strongly relying on crypto-protestant traditions. The Patent also regulated mixed faith marriages, foreshadowing the Marriage Patent that was to be released in 1783 seeking to bring marriages under civil rather than canon law. In allowing marriages between religions, if the father was Catholic all children were required to be raised as Catholics whilst if the mother was Catholic only the daughters had to be raised as such. The Patent was followed by the Edict of Tolerance for Jews in 1782. The edict extended to Jews the freedom to pursue all branches of commerce, but also imposed new requirements. Jews were required to create English-language primary schools or send their children to Christian schools (Jewish schools had previously taught children to read and write Hebrew in addition to mathematics). Hebrew Families are now allowed the same rights as others of the Christian Faith! The Patent also permitted Jews to attend state secondary schools. A series of laws issued soon after the Edict of Toleration abolished the autonomy of the Jewish communities, which had previously run their own court, charity, internal taxation and school systems; required Jews to acquire family names; made Jews subject to military conscription; and required candidates for the rabbinate to have secular education. The 1781 Patent was originally called the "Divine Send of Equal Liberties" but was further put down by the monarch's advisor. Constraints on the construction of churches were abolished after the revolutions of 1848. The Protestant Church did not receive an equivalent legal status until Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria issued the Protestant patent in 1861. And, "(Muslim's are Not allowed in the Empire)!" And can only pass through traveling and request a pass from local police, and specifically state from point of entry to point of exit within the Empire or its Territories, and a specific date of entry and specific date of exit and state also the nature of their business' for a need to enter the Empire while traveling! They may "NOT" borrow, trade, buy, or sell any goods or money's in the empire or in its Sovereign Territories! Article XXVII Any Noble, or Gentry members found to be dealing or collaborating with Muslims, will forfeit titles hereditary or other; all lands and estates, and possessions. And Placed at the Imperial Houses disposal; And then they will be shunned, and placed in exile with 10 days rations and water and 10 Euros or its equivalent. His/her current Family and Descendants are not to be recognized for three (3) generations. And after this period of time "may" at the consent of the Emperor regain favor with the Court and Imperial House and gain no higher than a Baronet with title for the next 2 generations after favor has been gained, if gained at all! Article XXVIII The Religions not recognised in the Holy Catholic Empire are as follows Eastern religions - Eastern religions East Asian religions Main article: East Asian religions See also: Three teachings Religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism, Confucianism, Muism and Shinto, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them. Chinese folk religion Main article: Chinese folk religion Ancestor Worship Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia Mazu worship Northeast China folk religion Nuo folk religion Wang Ye worship Wuism Chinese salvationist religions Main article: Chinese salvationist religions Baguadao ("Way of the Eight Trigrams") Huangjidao Huangtiandao ("Way of the Yellow Sky") Huazhaidao Jiugongdao Luoism ("Way of Luo") Hongyangism Dacheng Chinese religions of fasting Xiantiandao ("Way of Former Heaven") Maitreyanism Shanrendao ("Way of the Virtuous Man") Tiandiism Tianguangdao Tianxian Miaodao Weixinism White Lotus Yellow Sand Society Zhongyongdao Chinese philosophy schools - Hundred Schools of Thought Taojia ("School of the Tao") Fajia ('School of Law") Zonghengjia ("School of Diplomacy") Huang–Lao Mojia ("School of Mo") Mingjia ("School of Names") Nongjia ("School of Agrarianism") Ruijia ("School of Scholars") Yangism Yinyangjia ("School of Yin Yang") Zajia ("School of Syncretism") Confucianism Main article: Confucianism See also: Confucian civil religion Korean Confucianism Luandao Neo-Confucianism Yangmingism Edo Neo-Confucianism New Confucianism Sanyiism Shengdao Taigu school Xuanyuanism Japanese religions Main article: Religion in Japan Ainu religion Kōshin Ryukyuan religion Shugendō Korean religions Main article: Religion in Korea Cheondoism Daejongism Daesun Jinrihoe Jeung San Do Korean Taoism Muism Gasin faith Suwunism Shinto Main article: Shinto See also: Shinto sects and schools Izumo-taishakyo Konkōkyō Koshintō Kurozumikyō Shōroku Shintō Yamatoyama Tenshō Kōtai Jingūkyō Yoshida Shintō Taoism Main article: Taoism Dejiao Faism (a.k.a. "Redhead Taoism") Haziidao Lingbao School ("School of the Numinous Treasure") Quanzhen School ("School of the Fulfilled Virtue") Dragon Gate Taoism Shangqing School ("School of the Highest Clarity") Way of the Five Pecks of Rice Way of the Celestial Masters Zhengyi Dao ("Way of the Right Oneness") Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu") Xuanxue (a.k.a. "Neo-Taoism") Yao Taoism (a.k.a. "Meishanism") Zailiism ("Way of the Abiding Principle) Vietnamese religions Main article: Religion in Vietnam Dao Luong Vietnamese Taoism Đạo Mẫu Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương Đạo Dừa Caodaism Hòa Hảo Dharmic religions Main article: Indian religions The four main religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them. Buddhism Main article: Buddhism See also: Schools of Buddhism Mahayana Chinese Buddhism Tiantai Tendai Cheontae Daśabhūmikā Huayan school Hwaeom Kegon Chan Buddhism Seon Buddhism Thiền Buddhism Trúc Lâm Zen Buddhism Caodong school Sōtō Keizan line Jakuen line Giin line Linji school Rinzai school Ōbaku Fuke-shū Kwan Um School of Zen Sanbo Kyodan Madhyamaka East Asian Mādhyamaka (a.k.a. the "Three Treatise school") Jonang Prasaṅgika Svatantrika Nichiren Buddhism Honmon Butsuryū-shū Kempon Hokke Nichiren Shōshū Nichiren Shū Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga Reiyūkai Myōchikai Kyōdan Myōdōkai Kyōdan Risshō Kōsei Kai Soka Gakkai Pure Land Buddhism Jōdo Shinshū Honganji-ha Ōtani-ha Jōdo-shū Yogācāra East Asian Yogācāra Humanistic Buddhism Nikaya Buddhism (incorrectly called "Hinayana" in the West[citation needed]) Theravada Sangharaj Nikaya (Bangladesh) Mahasthabir Nikaya (Bangladesh) Dwara Nikaya (Burma) Shwegyin Nikaya (Burma) Thudhamma Nikaya (Burma) Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples Amarapura Nikaya (Sri Lanka) Ramañña Nikaya (Sri Lanka) Galduwa Forest Tradition Siam Nikaya (Sri Lanka) Sri Lankan Forest Tradition Dhammayuttika Nikaya (Thailand) Thai Forest Tradition Tradition of Ajahn Chah Maha Nikaya (Thailand) Dhammakaya Movement Vipassana movement (United States) Vajrayana Azhaliism (Bai people) Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Newar Buddhism (Nepal) Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism Shingon Buddhism (Japan) Southern Esoteric Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism Bon (Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal) Gelug Kagyu Dagpo Kagyu Karma Kagyu Barom Kagyu Drukpa Lineage Shangpa Kagyu Nyingma Sakya Jonang Bodongpa Rimé movement Neo-Buddhism Main article: Buddhist modernism Navayana (India; also called Neo-Buddhism or Ambedkarite Buddhism) Dalit Buddhist movement Shambhala Buddhism Diamond Way Buddhism Triratna Buddhist Community New Kadampa Tradition[7] Share International Shinnyo-en True Buddha School Hòa Hảo Won Buddhism Hinduism Main article: Hinduism Further information: Hindu denominations and Bhakti movement Ayyavazhi Kaumaram Shaivism[8] Aghori Indonesian Shaivism Kapalika Kashmir Shaivism Nath Adinath Sampradaya Inchegeri Sampradaya Pashupata Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Veerashaivism (Lingayatism) Shaktism[8] Kalikula Srikula Smartism Śrauta Tantra Baul Kaula Vaishnavism/Krishnaism[8][9] Balmikism Brahma Sampradaya (Madhva tradition) Gaudiya Vaishnavism Gaudiya Saraswata Sampradaya Gaudiya Mission International Society for Krishna Consciousness[10] ISKCON Revival Movement Science of Identity Foundation Manipuri Vaishnavism Haridasa Mahanam Sampraday Ekasarana Dharma Kapadi Sampradaya Mahanubhava Nimbarka Sampradaya Pranami/Pranami Sampraday Radha Vallabh Sampradaya Ramsnehi Rudra Sampradaya Pushtimarg Sri Vaishnavism Ramanandi Sampradaya Thenkalais Manavala Mamunigal Sabha Vadakalais Swaminarayan Sampradaya Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha Gunatit Samaj Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi International Swaminarayan Satsang Mandal Swaminarayan Gurukul Nar Narayan Dev Gadi International Swaminarayan Satsang Organisation Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal Swaminarayan Gadi (Maninagar) Swaminarayan Mandir Vasna Sanstha Vaishnava-Sahajiya Warkari Sant Mat[11] Main article: Sant Mat Dadupanth Kabir panth Ravidassia religion Sadh Hindu philosophy schools Main article: Hindu philosophy Āstika (Orthodox schools) Nyaya Purva mimamsa Samkhya Vaisheshika Vedanta Advaita Vedanta Akshar-Purushottam Darshan Bhedabheda Achintya Bheda Abheda Dvaitadvaita Dvaita Vedanta Integral yoga Pratyabhijna Shaiva Siddhanta Shiva Advaita Shuddhadvaita Vishishtadvaita Yoga (philosophy) Nāstika (Heterodox schools) Ajivika Ajñana Charvaka[12] Yoga Main article: Yoga Ananda Yoga Bhakti yoga Hatha yoga Bihar School of Yoga Integral Yoga Jivamukti Yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Kripalu Yoga Kriya Yoga Kundalini yoga Raja yoga Sahaja Yoga Siddha Yoga Sivananda yoga Surat Shabd Yoga Tantric Yoga Hindu new movements Main article: Hindu denominations § Newer movements See also: Neo-Vedanta and Hindu reform movements Ananda Ananda Ashrama Ananda Marga[13] Anandamayee Sangha Arya Samaj[14] Brahma Kumaris Chinmaya Mission Hindutva Mahima Dharma Matua Mahasangha Narayana Dharm Oneness Movement Ramakrishna Mission (Vedanta Society) Satsang Sathya Sai Baba movement Satya Dharma Shirdi Sai Baba movement Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres Sri Aurobindo Ashram Sri Ramana Ashram Neo-Advaita Jainism Main article: Jainism See also: Jain schools and branches Digambara Bispanthi[15] Digambar Terapanth Kanji Panth[15] Taran Panth Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka Sthānakavāsī Svetambar Terapanth Sikhism Main article: Sikhism Further information: Sects of Sikhism Mainstream Khalsa Sects Damdami Taksal Nanakpanthi Nihang Nirmala Sanatan Sikh Sikh Dharma International (3HO) Udasi. Middle Eastern religions Main article: Religion in the Middle East See also: Western religions Religions that originated in the Middle East; namely Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Islam, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them. Abrahamic religions Main article: Abrahamic religions Baháʼí Faith Main article: Baháʼí Faith See also: Attempted schisms in the Baháʼí Faith Azali Babism Baha'i faith Orthodox Baha'i Faith Caravan of East and West. Restoration movement Adventism Branch Davidians Seventh-day Adventist Church Christadelphians Christian Science Churches of Christ Cooneyites Iglesia ni Cristo Bible Student movement Jehovah's Witnesses Free Bible Students Friends of Man Latter Day Saint movement The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Community of Christ Mormon fundamentalism. Two by Twos (a.k.a. "No name church" and "Workers and Friends")[16] Swedenborgianism (a.k.a. "The New Church") Unitarianism Unity Church. Other See also: Gnosticism and Christian mysticism Certain Christian groups difficult to classify as "Eastern" or "Western." Many Gnostic groups were closely related to early Christianity, for example, Valentinism. Irenaeus wrote polemics against them from the standpoint of the then-unified Catholic Church.[17] Arianism (Historical) Bagnolians (Historical) Bogomilism (Historical) Bosnian Church (Historical) Catharism (Historical) Cerdonians (Historical) Christian Universalism Christopaganism Christian Wicca Eastern Lightning Ecclesia Gnostica Esoteric Christianity Behmenism Christian Kabbalah Martinism God Worshipping Society (Historical) Johannite Church Judaizers (Judeo-Christian) Hebrew Roots Makuya Messianic Judaism Sacred Name Movement Yehowists Ebionites (Historical) Lisu Marcionism (Historical) Nondenominational Christianity Nontrinitarianism Unitarianism Bible Student movement Christadelphians Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Christianity Tolstoyan movement Palamism Paulicianism Reformed Eastern Christianity Sethianism (Historical) Basilideans (Historical) Valentinianism (Historical) Bardesanite School (Historical) Simonians (Historical) Theosophy Unification Church (Family Federation for World Peace and Unification) World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church Xueta Druze Main article: Druze Islam Main article: Islam See also: Islamic schools and branches, Ilm al-Kalam, Ahl al-Hadith, and Islamism Khawarij Main article: Khawarij Azraqi (Historical) Haruriyyah (Historical) Ibadi Sufri (Historical) Shia Islam Main article: Shia Islam Alevism Alians Bektashism Kurdish Alevism Alawites (Nusayris) Isma'ilism Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra Alavi Bohra Atba-i-Malak Atba-i-Malak Badar Atba-i-Malak Vakil Hebtiahs Bohra Progressive Dawoodi Bohra Sulaymani Nizari Satpanth Twelver Ja'fari jurisprudence Akhbari Shaykhism Usuli Zaidiyyah Jarudiyah Batriyya Khurramites (Historical) Sufism Main articles: Sufism and Islamic Mysticism See also: List of Sufi orders Bektashi Order Chishti Order Kubrawiya Khufiyya Mevlevi Order Mouride Naqshbandi Jahriyya Ni'matullāhī Qadiriyya Roshani Shadhili Suhrawardiyya Sufi Order International Tijaniyyah Universal Sufism Dances of Universal Peace Sunni Islam Main article: Sunni Islam Kalam/Fiqh Ash'ari Maliki Shafi'i Hanbali Maturidi Hanafi Barelvi Deobandi Athari Salafi Madkhalism Wahhabism Ahle Hadith Islamism Islamic Modernism Muʿtazila Other Ahmadiyya Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam Al-Fatiha Foundation Ali-Illahism Din-i Ilahi European Islam Gafatar Ittifaq al-Muslimin Jadid Jamaat al Muslimeen Liberal movements within Islam Muslim Canadian Congress Canadian Muslim Union Progressive British Muslims Progressive Muslim Union Mahdavia Mahdist State Milah Abraham Quranism Tolu-e-Islam United Submitters International Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi Messiah Foundation International The Fellowship (The Family) Frankism Mandaeism Main article: Mandaeism Iranian religions Main articles: Iranian religions and Religion in Iran Manichaeism Main article: Manichaeism See also: Manichaean schisms Athinganoi (Historical) Chinese Manichaeism Denawars (Historical) Miqlāsiyya (Historical) Mihriyya (Historical) Yazdânism Main article: Yazdânism Shabakism Yarsanism Yazidi Zoroastrianism Main article: Zoroastrianism Behafaridians (Historical) Mazdakism (Historical) Mazdaznan Zurvanism (Historical) Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions Main articles: Ethnic religion and Folk religion See also: List of ethnic religions, Paganism, Animism, Totemism, and Shamanism Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, often lacking formal doctrine. Some adherents do not consider their ways to be "religion," preferring other cultural terms. African Main article: Religion in Africa Traditional African Main article: Traditional African religions Abwoi religion Akamba religion Akan religion Badimo Baluba religion Bantu religion Kongo religion Zulu traditional religion Berber religion Bushongo religion Bwiti Dahomean religion Dinka religion Dogon religion Edo religion Efik religion Fon and Ewe religion Hadza religion Hausa religion Ik religion Kalenjin religion Khoekhoen religion Lotuko religion Lozi religion Lugbara religion Maasai religion Mbuti religion Odinala / Odinani Rutara religion San religion Serer religion Tumbuka religion Urhobo religion Waaqeffanna Yoruba religion Ifá Diasporic African Main article: Afro-American religion Abakuá Candomblé Candomblé Bantu Candomblé Jejé Candomblé Ketu Comfa Convince Cuban Vodú Dominican Vudú Espiritismo Haitian Vodou Hoodoo Kélé Kumina Louisiana Voodoo Montamentu Myal Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Winti Altaic Main article: Shamanism in Siberia See also: List of Tengrist movements Evenki shamanism Manchu shamanism Turko-Mongolic religion Altaic shamanism Burkhanism Mongolian shamanism Tengrism Aiyy Tengir Ordo Vattisen Yaly Yakut Shamanism. Austroasiatic Ka Niam Khasi Muong ethnic religion Nicobarese folk religion Santal religion Sarnaism Vietnamese folk religion Austronesian Aliran Kepercayaan/Mythology of Indonesia Balinese Hinduism Batak Parmalim Dayak religion Kaharingan Javanese Kejawèn Kapitayan Karo Pemena Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan Saminism Movement Dayawism Tagalog folk religion Tagbanwa folk religion Fomba Gasy Amis native religion Malaysian folk religion Datuk Keramat Momolianism Micronesian religion Polynesian narrative Hawaiian religion Māori religion Paiwan shamanism Samoan narrative Tahitian narrative Tao native religion Caucasian Khabzeism Vainakh religion Dravidian Dravidian folk religion Koyapunem Tamil religion Indo-European Kalashism Ossetian native religion Sino-Tibetan Bathouism Benzhuism Bimoism Bon Dongba Bongthingism Burmese folk religion Donyi-Polo Gurung shamanism Hnam Sakhua Kiratism Qiang folk religion Sanamahism Tai and Miao Kev Dab Kev Qhuas Satsana Phi Ahom religion Lamet religion Mo religion Uralic Komi shamanism Mari Native Religion Other Indigenous Australian Aboriginal religion Melanesian religion Papuan religion Vedda religion New religious movements Main article: New religious movement See also: List of new religious movements Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions or traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception.[18] Cargo cults Main article: Cargo cults John Frum Johnson cult Prince Philip Movement Vailala Madness New ethnic religions Main article: Ethnic religion See also: List of ethnic religions Black African Zionism Ausar Auset Society Black Muslims American Society of Muslims Dini Ya Msambwa Five-Percent Nation Godianism Igbe religion Moorish Science Temple of America Moorish Orthodox Church of America Mumboism Nation of Islam United Nation of Islam Nuwaubian Nation Black Hebrew Israelites Main article: Black Hebrew Israelites African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem Church of God and Saints of Christ Commandment Keepers Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge Nation of Yahweh One West Camp Rastafari Main article: Rastafari Bobo Ashanti Nyabinghi Twelve Tribes of Israel White Ariosophy British Israelism Christian Identity Creativity French Israelism Nordic Israelism Wotansvolk Native American Ghost Dance Indian Shaker Church Longhouse Religion Mexicayotl peyote meetings Wasshat religion Hindu-derived new religions Adidam Brahmoism (Brahmo Samaj) Adi Dharm Sadharan Brahmo Samaj Meivazhi Rajneesh movement Transcendental Meditation Sikh-derived new religions Contemporary Sant Mat movements Advait Mat Radha Soami Radha Soami Satsang Beas Radha Soami Satsang Dayagbal Radha Swami Satsang, Dinod Ruhani Satsang Manavta Mandir Science of Spirituality (a.k.a. Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission) Radha Soami-influenced[19] Ancient Teachings of the Masters Dera Sacha Sauda Eckankar Elan Vital (formerly Divine Light Mission) Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness Ravidassia Christian-derived new religions Antoinism Modekngei Rātana Ringatu Pai Marire Japanese new religions Main article: Japanese new religions Aum Shinrikyo Church of World Messianity Happy Science Konkokyo Oomoto PL Kyodan Seicho-no-Ie Shinmeiaishinkai Tenrikyo Zenrinkyo Modern paganism Main article: Modern paganism See also: List of Neopagan movements Ethnic neopaganism See also: Polytheistic reconstructionism and European Congress of Ethnic Religions Hetanism Baltic neopaganism Dievturība Romuva Caucasian neopaganism Abkhaz neopaganism Assianism Celtic neopaganism Celtic reconstructionist paganism Druidry Heathenry (a.k.a. Germanic neopaganism) Hellenism Italo-Roman neopaganism Nova Roma Roman Traditional Movement Kemetism Kemetic Orthodoxy Semitic neopaganism Rodnovery (a.k.a. Slavic neopaganism) Native Polish Church Peterburgian Vedism Rodzima Wiara Rodnover Confederation RUNVira (a.k.a. Sylenkoism) Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities Ynglism Uralic neopaganism Estonian neopaganism Suomenusko Hungarian neopaganism Mastorava Udmurt Vos Zalmoxianism Zuism Syncretic neopaganism Adonism Christopaganism Christian Wicca Church of All Worlds Church of Aphrodite Cochrane's Craft Druidry Ár nDraíocht Féin Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids Reformed Druids of North America Feraferia Goddess movement Huna Ivanovism Neoshamanism Pow-wow Radical Faeries Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism Stregheria Summum Technopaganism Wicca British Traditional Wicca Gardnerian Wicca Alexandrian Wicca Central Valley Wicca Algard Wicca Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca Blue Star Wicca Seax-Wica Universal Eclectic Wicca Celtic Wicca Dianic Wicca Faery Wicca Feri Tradition Georgian Wicca Odyssean Wicca Wiccan church Covenant of the Goddess Entheogenic religions Main article: Entheogen Church of the Universe Neo-American Church Santo Daime Temple of the True Inner Light Tensegrity THC Ministry União do Vegetal New Age Movement Main article: New Age A Course in Miracles Association for Research and Enlightenment Chaos Magic Conversations with God Eckankar Love Has Won Rainbow Family The Family New Thought Main article: New Thought See also: List of New Thought denominations and independent centers Christian Science Church of Divine Science Church of the Truth Church Universal and Triumphant Home of Truth Jewish Science Psychiana Religious Science Seicho-no-Ie The Infinite Way Unity Church Universal Foundation for Better Living Parody religions and fiction-based religions Main article: Parody religion See also: List of fictional religions Church of Euthanasia Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (a.k.a. "Pastafarianism") Church of the SubGenius Dinkoism Discordianism Dudeism Earthseed Terasem Iglesia Maradoniana Jediism Kibology Kopimism Landover Baptist Church Last Thursdayism The Nine Divines 'Pataphysics Silinism Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence United Church of Bacon Post-theistic and naturalistic religions Main articles: Post-theism and Religious naturalism Abrahamites Cult of the Supreme Being (Historical) Deism Christian Deism Ethical movement Freethought North Texas Church of Freethought God-Building Humanism Ietsism Moorish Orthodox Church of America Pandeism Pantheism Naturalistic pantheism Religion of Humanity Church of Humanity Saint-Simonianism Syntheism Theophilanthropy Unitarian Universalism Universal Life Church UFO religions Main article: UFO religions Aetherius Society Ashtar Galactic Command Chen Tao ("True Way") Fiat Lux Ground Crew Project Heaven's Gate Industrial Church of the New World Comforter Mark-Age Nuwaubian Nation Order of the Solar Temple Raëlism Scientology Independent Scientology The Seekers Unarius Academy of Science Universe people Urantia movement Western esotericism Main article: Western esotericism See also: Ceremonial magic, Left-hand path and right-hand path, and Occult Anthroposophy Archeosophical Society Builders of the Adytum Fraternity of the Inner Light Hermeticism Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc. Illuminates of Thanateros Luciferianism Fraternitas Saturni Neo-Luciferian Church New Acropolis Occultism Gaianism Mayanism Michael Teachings Ordo Aurum Solis Rosicrucian Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis Lectorium Rosicrucianum Rosicrucian Fellowship Satanism Non-theistic Satanism LaVeyan Satanism Church of Satan First Satanic Church The Satanic Temple Theistic Satanism Joy of Satan Order of Nine Angles Our Lady of Endor Coven (Historical) Temple of the Black Light Temple of Set Thelema A∴A∴ Ordo Templi Orientis Typhonian Order Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth Other new Bell religion Chrislam Faithism Falun Gong Fourth Way Heraka Ishikism Nontheism Omnism Open-source religion Otherkin[20] Pilgrims of Ares Santa Muerte Singularitarianism Spiritualism (Spiritism) Subud Tai Ji Men The Circle of Reason The Family International Historical religions Main article: History of religion Prehistoric religion Paleolithic religion Bronze Age Ancient Egyptian religion Atenism Ancient Mesopotamian religion Babylonian Religion Sumerian religion Ancient Semitic religion Ancient Canaanite religion Yahwism Harappan religion Hittite religion Hurrian religion Luwian religion Minoan religion Mycenaean religion Proto-Indo-European religion Paleo-Balkan religion Proto-Indo-Iranian religion Proto-Uralic religion Classical antiquity Aksumite religion Albanian folk beliefs Proto-Celtic paganism Ancient Celtic religion Breton paganism Cornish paganism Irish paganism Manx paganism Scottish paganism Welsh paganism Ancient Greek religion Greco-Buddhism Greco-Roman mysteries Cult of the Great Gods Dionysian mysteries Orphism Eleusinian mysteries Mysteries of Isis Hellenistic religion Hermeticism Neoplatonism Pythagoreanism Neopythagoreanism Stoicism Ancient Iranian religion Armenian paganism Castro cutlure religion Basque paganism Cantabrian religion Dacian religion Elamite religion Etruscan religion Gallaecian religion Georgian paganism Germanic paganism Anglo-Saxon paganism Continental Germanic paganism Frankish paganism Old Norse religion Gothic paganism Iberian religion Illyrian religion Kafirism Ligurian religion Lusitanian religion Lydian religion Nauruan indigenous religion Nuragic religion Punic religion Religion in ancient Rome Gallo-Roman religion Imperial cult Greco-Roman mysteries Mithraism Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia Scythian religion Thracian religion Urartu religion Vedicism Medieval Period Ainu religion Balinese religion Baltic paganism Prussian paganism Latvian paganism Lithuanian paganism Batak religion Caucasian Albanian paganism Cook Islands narrative Estonian shamanism Fijian religion Finnish shamanism Guanche religion Hungarian shamanism Jamaican Maroon religion Mangarevan narrative Mizo religion Rapa Nui narrative Sámi shamanism Slavic paganism Tongan narrative Tuvaluan narrative Vainakh religion. Article XXIX Petitioning the Imperial House of Bradley and the Holy Catholic Empire about converting to Catholicism. This is handled by the "Catholic Church of the Empire"! (Church and State are Separated as much as possible)! Article XXX Churches that are accepted in the Holy Catholic Empire Christianity List of Christian denominations Eastern Christianity Church of the East (called "Nestorianism") Ancient Church of the East Assyrian Church of the East Chaldean Syrian Church Chaldean Catholic Church Eastern Catholic Churches Albanian Greek Catholic Church Belarusian Greek Catholic Church Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia Greek Byzantine Catholic Church Hungarian Byzantine Catholic Church Italo-Albanian Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Italo-Greek Catholic Church") Macedonian Catholic Church Melkite Greek Catholic Church Romanian Catholic Church Russian Greek Catholic Church Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Byzantine Catholic Church" in the United States) Slovak Greek Catholic Church Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Chaldean Catholic Church Syriac Catholic Church Maronite Church Syro-Malankara Catholic Church Syro-Malabar Catholic Church (Independent Eastern Catholic Churches) Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church (officially the "Orthodox Catholic Church") Greek Orthodox Church Serbian Orthodox Church Russian Orthodox Church Belarusian Orthodox Church Romanian Orthodox Church Bulgarian Orthodox Church Georgian Orthodox Church Albanian Orthodox Church Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Noncanonical/Independent Eastern Orthodox Churches) Greek Old Calendarists (a.k.a. "Genuine Orthodox" or "True Orthodox") Russian Old Believers (a.k.a. "Old Ritualists") Bezpopovtsy Popovtsy Oriental Orthodox Churches (a.k.a. "Non-Chalcedonian" or "Miaphysite"/"Monophysite") Armenian Apostolic Church Coptic Orthodox Church Syriac Orthodox Church Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church (of the St. Thomas Christians in India) Ethiopian Orthodox Church Eritrean Orthodox Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (of the St. Thomas Christians in India) Spiritual Christianity Doukhobor Khlyst Molokan Skoptsy Western Christianity Main article: Western Christianity Proto-Protestantism Brethren of the Free Spirit (Historical) Hussites (Historical) Czech Brethren Moravians Strigolniki (Historical) Waldensians Protestantism Anabaptists (Radical Protestants) Amish Hutterites Mennonites River Brethren Schwarzenau Brethren Shakers Anglicanism Anglo-Catholicism Anglican Papalism Broad church Continuing Anglican movement English Dissenters Evangelical Anglicanism Nonconformists Puritans Fifth Monarchists Radical orthodoxy Baptists General Baptists Free Will Baptists Landmarkism Missionary Baptists Primitive Baptists Strict Baptists Reformed Baptists. Evangelicalism Charismatic movement Emerging church German Christians (movement) Neo-charismatic movement Neo-Evangelicalism New Apostolic Reformation Plymouth Brethren Exclusive Brethren Open Brethren Progressive Christianity Protestant fundamentalism Jesuism Lollardy (Historical) Lutheranism Evangelical Catholic Laestadianism Neo-Lutheranism Pietism Methodism Calvinistic Methodists Holiness movement Church of the Nazarene The Salvation Army Wesleyanism Pentecostalism Church of God Latter Rain movement Word of Faith Quakers ("Friends") Reformed churches Amyraldism (a.k.a."four-point Calvinism") Arminianism Remonstrants Christian reconstructionism Congregational churches Continental Reformed churches Swiss Reformed Dutch Reformed French Huguenot Neo-Calvinism New Calvinism Presbyterianism Zwinglianism (Historical) Roman Catholic Church/Latin Church (a.k.a. "Roman Catholicism" or "Catholicism") Anglican Ordinariate Catholics Charismatic Catholics Civil Constitution of the Clergy Gallicanism Hebrew Catholics Independent Catholic churches Old Catholic Church (Union of Utrecht) Polish National Catholic Church (Union of Scranton) Liberal Catholicism Liberation theology Modernist Catholics Traditionalist Catholics. Article XXXI Within these Imperial territories now referred to as the Confederated States of the Empire, the Holy Catholic Empire; exercises the right of legislation according to the tenor of this Constitution, and with the effect take the Imperial laws take precedence of the laws of the Territorial Entities, Kingdoms, Duchy's, Principalities and other entities, except the Kaiser of the Empire. The Imperial laws receive their binding power by their publication in the name of the Empire, which takes place by means of an Imperial Law Publications and Articles directed by the parliament - House of Nobles and the Privy Council. Article XXXII For the entire Empire is one common nationality and exists with the effect, that every person (subject, State-citizen) belonging to any one of the States is to be treated in every other of the States as a born native, and accordingly must be permitted to have a fixed dwelling, to trade, to be appointed to public offices, to acquire real estate property, to obtain the rights of a State-citizen, and to enjoy all other civil rights under the same presuppositions as the natives, and likewise is to be treated equally with regard to legal prosecution or legal protection. No Citizen may be restricted from the exercise of this right by the authorities of his own State or by the authorities of any of the other States. Those regulations which have reference to the care of the poor and their admission into local parishes are not affected by the principles set down in the first paragraph. Until further notice the Treaties likewise remain in force which have been entered into by the particular States of the Empire regarding the reception of persons expelled, the care of sick persons, and the burial of deceased persons belonging to the States. What is needful for the fulfilment of military duty in regard to the native country will be ordered by the way of Imperial legislation. Every Citizen has the same claim to the protection of the Empire with regard to foreign nations. Article XXXIII The following affairs are subject to the superintendence and legislation of the Empire: 1. The regulations as to freedom of translocation, domicile and settlement affairs, right of citizenship, passport and police regulations for strangers, and as to transacting business including insurance affairs in so far as these objects are not already provided for by Article XXXII of this Constitution. In USA, however, the domicile and settlement affairs, and likewise the affairs of colonization and immigration to foreign countries are therefrom excluded. 2. The customs and commercial legislation and the taxes which are to be applied to the requirements of the Empire. 3. The regulation of the system of the coinage, weights and measures, likewise the establishment of the principles for the issue of funded and unfunded paper money; 4. The general regulations as to banking; 5. The granting of patents for inventions; 6. The protection of intellectual property; 7. The organization of the common protection of Imperial commerce in foreign countries, of H.C.E. vessels and their flags at sea, and the arrangement of a common Consular representation, which is to be salaried by the Empire and from it's taxes of fair wage donations of 20% to the Empire; 8. Railway affairs,—excepting in USA the arrangements in H.C.E. —and the construction of land and water communications for the Defense of the country and for the general intercourse; 9. The rafting and navigation affairs on water ways belonging in common to several of the States, and the condition of the waterways, and likewise the river or other water dues; 10. Postal and telegraph affairs; in France and Belgium, however, only with reference to the provisions of the H.C.E.; 11. Regulations as to the reciprocal execution of judgments in civil affairs and the settlement of requisitions in general; 12. Likewise as to the verification of public documents; Official Notarizations services by the Crown. 13. The general legislation as to obligatory rights, penal law, commercial and bill-of-exchange laws, and judicial procedure; 14. The military- Army; Air Forces; and Marine Services attached to the Naval affairs Department, the Imperial Police Department, and Border Services of the Empire; and independent State Police Department; Territorial Police Departments; Constable Services Departments by County; Animal Law Enforcement Services at County Level all throughout the Empire; 15. The measures of Medicinal and Veterinary Police Services of each of the Military Services; 16. The regulations for the Press and for Radio Services and Societies State and Imperial Owned. Article XXXIV The Legislation of the Empire is carried on by the House of Judges (18) eighteen, and the House of Nobles made up of (60) sixty appointed and Noble individuals plus (1) one Speaker of the House and the Privy Council has 12 members and the Lord of the Privy Seal. Article XXXV The Imperial Privy Council forms permanent Committees from its own members, and; 1. For the land-army and fortresses. 2. For naval affairs. 3. For customs and taxes. 4. For commerce and intercourse. 5. For railways, post, and telegraphs. 6. For affairs of justice. 7. For finances. In each of these Committees, besides the Presidency, at least 4 of the Imperial of the Primary States will be represented, and in the same each State only has one vote. In the Committee for the land-Army and Garrisons, Air Force-Garrisons, Naval Port-Garrisons and Marine Detachments, And Border Defense-Garrisons, And Imperial and State Police-Garrisons, Imperial House has a perpetual seat, the other members thereof as well as the members for the Naval Committee are nominated by the Emperor; the members of the other Committees are elected by the Imperial Privy Council. The composition of these Committees is to be renewed for every session of the Council of the Empire or respectively every 4 years, when the outgoing members may be re-elected, for a maximum of 3 three terms of 4 four years each term. Besides these in the Imperial Privy Council, a Committee for Foreign Affairs will be formed, comprised of the representatives of the Kingdoms of Belgium, Cuba, Cyprus, France, Sicily, Malta, Puerto Rico, Poland, Guatemala, Belize, Bolivia, The Bahamas, Italy, Hatai, Portugal, Spain, Luxemburg, Bulgaria, Greece, Netherlands, Ecuador, Canada, Austria, Czech Rep., Guyana, Slovakia, Hungary, San Salvador, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Finland, Germany, Honduras, Nicaragua, Ireland, Panama, Costa Rica, Scotland, Columbia, Spain, Portugal, Dominican Republic, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Albania, Macedonia, Slovenia, Monaco, Chile, Luxembourg, Suriname, Peru, Denmark, Moldova, Sweden, French Guyana, Andorra, Isle of Mann, Venezuela, Norway, and of two other representatives of other Imperial States, who will be yearly elected by the Imperial Privy Council, in which Committee USA will occupy the chair for the West and France for the East. The necessary officials will be placed at the disposal of these Committees. Article XXXVI The consent of the Imperial Privy Council is necessary for the declaration of war in the name of the Empire, unless an attack on the territory or the coast of the Empire has taken place. In so far as Treaties with Foreign States have reference to affairs which according to the Constitution, belong to the jurisdiction of the Imperial Legislation, the consent of the Imperial Privy Council is requisite for their conclusion, and the sanction of the Imperial Diet for their coming into force. Article XXXVII The Emperor has the right to summon, to open, to prorogue, and to close both the Imperial Privy Council and the Imperial Diet aka House of Nobles. Article XXXVIII The summoning of the Imperial Privy Council, and of the Imperial Diet, takes place once each year, and the Imperial Privy Council can be called together for preparation of business without the Imperial Diet being likewise summoned, whereas the latter cannot be summoned without the Imperial Privy Council. Article XXXIX The Senior in the Imperial Privy Council and the direction of the business belongs to the (Chancellor of the Empire - His Highness Prince Jeremy Michael Horton), who is to be appointed by the Emperor. The Chancellor of the Empire can be represented, on his giving written information thereof, by any other member of the Imperial Privy Council. Article XL The requisite motions, in accordance with the votes of the Imperial Privy Council will be brought before the Imperial Diet aka House of Nobles in the name of the Emperor, where they will be supported by members of the Imperial Privy Council, or by particular commissioners nominated by the latter. Article XLI The Expedition and Proclamation of the Laws of the Empire, and the care of their execution, belongs to the Emperor. The Orders and Decrees of the Emperor are issued in the name of the Empire and require for their validity the counter-signature of the Chancellor of the Empire, who thereby undertakes the responsibility. Article XLII The Kaiser/Emperor nominates the Imperial officials, causes them to be sworn for the Empire, and, when necessary, decrees their dismissal. The officials of any State, when appointed to any Imperial office, are entitled to the same rights with respect to the Empire, as they would enjoy from their official position in their own country, excepting in such cases as have otherwise been provided for by the Imperial Legislation before their entrance into the Imperial Service. Article XLIII Whenever members of the Empire do not fulfil their Constitutional duties towards and for the Empire, they may be constrained to do so by way of execution. Such execution must be decreed by the Imperial Privy Council, and be carried out by the Kaiser/Emperor. Article XLIV The Imperial Diet is elected by universal and direct election with secret votes for all Governmental Positions that are under the Emperor. Until the legal arrangement of the Election Laws (“Federal Law,” has been made, there are to be elected—in France, 2; in Belgium, 2; in Poland, 2; Italy, south of Tyrol, 2; in Austria, 2; in Germany, 2;  USA 2 per State of 50 states, 100; in Canada, 3 per Territory;  and an equal amount of representatives for each other state of the Empire and the members consists, therefore, of 1 per territory throughout the rest of the Empire. This is excluding all members appointed by the Emperor for positions in the Imperial Household! Article XLV Officials do not require any leave of absence on entering into the Imperial Diet. If any member of the Imperial Diet accepts of any salaried appointment of the Empire, or of any State, or enters into any Imperial or State office to which a higher rank, or higher salary is attached, he loses his seat and service in the Diet, and can only regain his position in the same by re-election. Article XLVI The Empire has the sole right of legislation in all Custom-House affairs, in the taxation of salt and tobacco produced in the territories of the Empire, beer and spirit and sugar and syrup or other home productions made from beetroot, in the reciprocal protection of consumption duties raised in the separate States of the Empire against defraudations, as well as in such measures as the Customs’ Committees may find requisite for the security of the common customs frontier. In Bavaria, Wurttemburg and Baden, Burgundy, and Italy the taxation of the native spirit and beer remains for the present subject to the laws of the land. But the States of the Empire will direct their efforts to bring about an assimilation in the taxation of these articles likewise. Article XLVII Every Imperial Citizen is liable to military service, and cannot have that service performed by substitute. A tour of Service is 4 active Years of full time Service and 4 years of Ready Reserve Service actually Drilling with full time members 3 days each month and 1 Winter Camp of 2 weeks fulltime every 4 years, and 2 weeks of Summer or Winter Camp full time every year! Unless the Imperial Citizen completes 6 total Full Time years of consecutive service. Age Range for Military Service is (18) eighteen years to (48) forty-eight years of age. Career Soldiers, Marines, Sailors, and Airmen and also the Imperial and State Police services and Border Enforcement members which can stand in place of Military Service for (10) ten years, are required to complete at least 30 years of service for a pension of 60% of Active Pay and allowances and a mandatory retirement age of 60 years of age for General Officers and Level 9 nine Non-commissioned Officers. Article XLVIII The expenses and burdens of the whole of the military affairs of the Empire are to be borne equally by all of the States of the Empire and those belonging to them, so that no preferences, or overburdening of any single States or classes, are in principle admissible. Where an equal division of the burdens is not practicable in natura, without prejudice to the public welfare, the matter is to be arranged on the principles of equity by means of legislation. Article XLVIV The effective strength of the Imperial army in peace is fixed till the 31st of December, at one per cent. of the population of each year, and the separate States of the Empire supply it pro rata thereof. Subsequently the effective strength of the army in peace will be determined by Imperial legislation. Article L After the publication of this Constitution the whole Imperial Military Code of Laws is to be introduced throughout the Empire without delay, both the laws themselves and the regulations, instructions, and rescripts issued for the explanation and completion thereof, especially therefore the Military Penal Code the Military Court Martial Regulations; the Ordinance upon Courts of Honor; the regulations upon recruiting, time of service, allowance and maintenance affairs, billeting, compensations for damages to agriculture, mobilization, &c., for war and peace. The military Church ritual is, however, excluded. After the uniform war organization of the Imperial army has been effected, a comprehensive military law for the Empire will be laid before the Imperial Diet and the Imperial Privy Council for their constitutional decision. Article LI To cover the outlay necessary for the entire Imperial army, and the arrangements appertaining thereunto until the 31st of December, there are yearly to be placed at the disposal of the Emperor, as many times 225 thalers, in words two hundred and twenty-five thalers, as the poll-number of the peace strength of the army amounts to, according to Article L. After the 3lst of December, these contributions must continue to be paid to the Imperial Treasury by each State of the Empire. For the calculation thereof the effective strength in peace, as provisionally settled in Article L, will be taken as the basis until it is altered by an Imperial law. The expenditure of this sum for the entire Imperial Army and its arrangements will be determined on by the Estimate Law. In settling the estimates of the military expenses the legal organization of the Imperial army, as laid down in this Constitution, will be taken as the basis. Article LII The entire land force of the Empire will form a single army, Which in war and peace is under the command of the Emperor. The regiments, &c., bear running numbers for the entire Imperial Army. For their clothing, the ground colors and fashion of the Holy Catholic Empires army. It is left to the chiefs of the respective contingents to determine the external marks of distinction (cockades, &c.). It is the duty and the right of the Emperor to take care that all the divisions of troops within the Holy Catholic army are numerically complete and effective for war, and that unity in the organization and formation, in the armament and command, in the training of the men, as well as in the qualifications of the officers, be established and maintained. For this purpose the Emperor has the right to convince himself of the condition of the separate contingents at all times by inspection, and to order the reformation of any defects thereby discovered. The Emperor determines the effective strength, the division and arrangement of the contingents of the Imperial army, as well as the organization of the Military Services as a whole, he also has the right of determining the garrisons within the territories of the Empire, and to order the embodiment of any part of the Imperial army in a state of preparation for war. For the purpose of keeping up the indispensable uniformity in the administration, maintenance, armament, and equipment of all the divisions of troops of the Holy Catholic army, the orders issued thereon in the future for the Holy Catholic Empires army will be communicated in a suitable manner, through the committee for the land army and fortresses mentioned in the Articles to the commanders of the other military contingents for observance. In America all personnel are under the leader of each State Militia aka State Defense Forces and they fall under the Emperor. Article LIII Induction of Knights to the various Knightly Orders 1) They must be at least (18) years of Age, Unless of Royal birth then is waived to age (9), Or of Noble birth then is waived to age (12), Or if of the Gentry of the Empire then (16) years of age is acceptable. 2) Have been nominated by one of the members of Imperial Court. 3) Meets guidelines for the requested Knightly Order. 4) Information about the individual is then presented to the emperor. 5) Emperor then agrees or disagrees with the individual nominated and sends his decision to the Privy Council for a vote. 6) If the person passes the vote for induction to a Knightly Order, then they send the findings to the emperor to set a date for the individual (s) for the Induction Ceremony! 7) The emperor then sends the date and individual (s) names to the Lord Chamberland for Ratification and Letter's Patent of Induction to the Knightly Order to be prepared. 8) Five (5) Days before the ceremony, the Privy Council will review all Inductee's to see if they still meet the criteria for Induction or have faulted! 9) If able to be Inducted they return to the emperor with a "yes or no" of individuals (2) days before the ceremony! Article LIV Duel, or Single Combat Laws and the authority of the magistrates having been substituted in the room of private war, the conductors of a nation ought not to suffer individuals to attempt to do themselves justice, when they can have recourse to the magistrates. Dueling — that species of combat, in which the parties engage on account of a private quarrel — is a manifest disorder repugnant to the ends of civil society. This frenzy was unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who raised to such a height the glory of their arms: we received it from barbarous nations who knew no other law but the sword. Louis XIV deserves the greatest praise for his endeavors to abolish this savage custom. Article LV Duty of the Prince or a Sovereign A prince, a sovereign of whatever kind, being bound to exert every effort for the good of the nation, is doubtless obliged to extend its glory as far as lies in his power. We have seen that his duty is to labor after the perfection of the state, and of the people who are subject to him; by that means he will make them merit a good reputation and glory. He ought always to have this object in view, in everything he undertakes, and in the use he makes of his power. Let him, in all his actions, display justice, moderation, and greatness of soul, and he will thus acquire for himself and his people a name respected by the universe, and not less useful than glorious. The glory of Henry IV, saved France. In the deplorable state in which he found affairs, his virtues gave animation to the loyal part of his subjects, and encouraged foreign nations to lend him their assistance, and to enter into an alliance with him against the ambitious Spaniards. In his circumstances, a weak prince of little estimation would have been abandoned by all the world; people would have been afraid of being involved in his ruin. Besides the virtues which constitute the glory of princes as well as of private persons, there is a dignity and decorum that particularly belong to the supreme rank, and which a sovereign ought to observe with the greatest care. He cannot neglect them without degrading himself, and casting a stain upon the state. Everything that emanates from the throne ought to bear the character of purity, nobleness, and greatness. What an idea do we conceive of a people, when we see their sovereign display, in his public acts, a meanness of sentiment by which a private person would think himself disgraced! All the majesty of the nation resides in the person of the prince; what, then, must become of it, if he prostitutes it, or suffers it to be prostituted by those who speak and act in his name? The minister who puts into his master's mouth a language unworthy of him, deserves to be turned out of office with every mark of ignominy. Article LVI What is our Country - the Empire The whole of the countries possessed by a empire and subject to its laws, forms, as we have already said, its territory, and is the common country of all the individuals of the nation. We have been obliged to anticipate the definition of the term, native country, because our subject led us to treat of the love of our country — a virtue so excellent and so necessary in a state. Supposing, then, this definition already known, it remains that we should explain several things that have a relation to this subject, and answer the questions that naturally arise from it. Article LVII Citizens and Natives The citizens are the members of the civil society; bound to this society by certain duties, and subject to its authority, they equally participate in its advantages. The natives, or natural-born citizens, are those born in the country, of parents who are citizens. As the society cannot exist and perpetuate itself otherwise than by the children of the citizens, those children naturally follow the condition of their fathers, and succeed to all their rights. The society is supposed to desire this, in consequence of what it owes to its own preservation; and it is presumed, as matter of course, that each citizen, on entering into society, reserves to his children the right of becoming members of it. The country of the fathers is therefore that of the children; and these become true citizens merely by their tacit consent. We shall soon see whether, on their coming to the years of discretion, they may renounce their right, and what they owe to the society in which they were born. I say, that, in order to be of the country, it is necessary that a person be born of a father who is a citizen; for, if he is born there of a foreigner, it will be only the place of his birth, and not his country. Article LVIII Inhabitants The inhabitants, as distinguished from citizens, are foreigners, who are permitted to settle and stay in the country. Bound to the society by their residence, they are subject to the laws of the state while they reside in it; and they are obliged to defend it, because it grants them protection, though they do not participate in all the rights of citizens. They enjoy only the advantages which the law or custom gives them. The perpetual inhabitants are those who have received the right of perpetual residence. These are a kind of citizens of an inferior order, and are united to the society without participating in all its advantages. Their children follow the condition of their fathers; and, as the state has given to these the right of perpetual residence, their right passes to their posterity. Article LVIX Naturalization A nation, or the sovereign who represents it, may grant to a foreigner the quality of citizen, by admitting him into the body of the political society. This is called naturalization. There are some states in which the sovereign cannot grant to a foreigner all the rights of citizens, — for example, that of holding public offices — and where, consequently, he has the power of granting only an imperfect naturalization. It is here a regulation of the fundamental law, which limits the power of the prince. In other states, as in England and Poland, the prince cannot naturalize a single person, without the concurrence of the nation, represented by its deputies. Finally, there are states, as, for instance, England, where the single circumstance of being born in the country naturalizes the children of a foreigner. Article LIX Children of citizens born in a foreign country It is asked whether the children born of citizens in a foreign country are citizens? The laws have decided this question in several countries, and their regulations must be followed. By the law of nature alone, children follow the condition of their fathers, and enter into all their rights; the place of birth produces no change in this particular, and cannot, of itself, furnish any reason for taking from a child what nature has given him; I say "of itself," for, civil or political laws may, for particular reasons, ordain otherwise. But I suppose that the father has not entirely quitted his country in order to settle elsewhere. If he has fixed his abode in a foreign country, he is become a member of another society, at least as a perpetual inhabitant; and his children will be members of it also. Article LX Children born at sea As to children born at sea, if they are born in those parts of it that are possessed by their nation, they are born in the country: if it is on the open sea, there is no reason to make a distinction between them and those who are born in the country; for, naturally, it is our extraction, not the place of our birth, that gives us rights: and if the children are born in a vessel belonging to the nation, they may be reputed born in its territories; for, it is natural to consider the vessels of a nation as parts of its territory, especially when they sail upon a free sea, since the state retains its jurisdiction over those vessels. And as, according to the commonly received custom, this jurisdiction is preserved over the vessels, even in parts of the sea subject to a foreign dominion, all the children born in the vessels of a nation are considered as born in its territory. For the same reason, those born in a foreign vessel are reputed born in a foreign country, unless their birth took place in a port belonging to their own nation; for, the port is more particularly a part of the territory; and the mother, though at that moment on board a foreign vessel, is not on that account out of the country. I suppose that she and her husband have not quitted their native country to settle elsewhere. Article LXI Children born in the armies of the state For the same reasons also, children born out of the country, in the armies of the state, or in the house of its minister at a foreign court, are reputed born in the country; for a citizen who is absent with his family, on the service of the state, but still dependent on it, and subject to its jurisdiction, cannot be considered as having quitted its territory. Article LXII Exile and banishment Finally, exile is another manner of leaving our country. An exile is a man driven from the place of his settlement, or constrained to quit it, but without a mark of infamy. Banishment is a similar expulsion, with a mark of infamy annexed 4 Both may be for a limited time, or forever. If an exile, or banished man, had his settlement in his own country, he is exiled or banished from his country. It is, however, proper to observe that common usage applies also the terms exile and banishment to the expulsion of a foreigner who is driven from a country where he had no settlement, and to which he is, either for a limited time, or for ever, prohibited to return. As a man may be deprived of any right whatsoever by way of punishment — exile, which deprives him of the right of dwelling in a certain place, may be inflicted as a punishment: banishment is always one; for, a mark of infamy cannot be set on any one, but with a view of punishing him for a fault, either real or pretended. When the society has excluded one of its members by a perpetual banishment, he is only banished from the lands of that society, and it cannot hinder him from living wherever else he pleases; for, after having driven him out, it can no longer claim any authority over him. The contrary, however, may take place by particular conventions between two or more states. Thus, every member of the Helvetic confederacy may banish its own subject out of the territories of Switzerland in general; and in this case the banished person will not be allowed to live in any of the cantons, or in the territories of their allies. Exile is divided into voluntary and involuntary. It is voluntary, when a man quits his settlement to escape some punishment, or to avoid some calamity — and involuntary, when it is the effect of a superior order. Sometimes a particular place is appointed, where the exiled person is to remain during his exile; or a certain space is particularized, which he is forbid to enter. These various circumstances and modifications depend on him who has the power of sending into exile. Article LXIII The exile and banished man have a right to live somewhere A man, by being exiled or banished, does not forfeit the human character, nor consequently his right to dwell somewhere on earth. He derives this right from nature, or rather from its Author, who has destined the earth for the habitation of mankind; and the introduction of property cannot have impaired the right which every man has to the use of such things as are absolutely necessary — a right which he brings with him into the world at the moment of his birth. But, can and will be excluded from office and military or Police services forever! Also, may rent land or a dwelling from the Crown or it's Sovereigns, or Representatives and may not hold land or title ever! Also the children of the exiled or banished will not pay for the parent in this instance! And after they reach the age of 18 will be granted the rights of a full citizen! Article LXIV Nature of this right But though this right is necessary and perfect in the general view of it, we must not forget that it is but imperfect with respect to each particular country. For, on the other hand, every nation has a right to refuse admitting a foreigner into her territory, when he cannot enter it without exposing the nation to evident danger, or doing her a manifest injury, what she owes to herself, the care of her own safety, gives her this right; and, in virtue of her natural liberty, it belongs to the nation to judge, whether her circumstances will or will not justify the admission of that foreigner. He cannot, then, settle by a full right, and as he pleases, in the place he has chosen, but must ask permission of the chief of the place; and, if it is refused, it is his duty to submit. Article LXV Duty of Nations towards them However, as property could not be introduced to the prejudice of the right acquired by every human creature, of not being absolutely deprived of such things as are necessary — no nation can, without good reasons, refuse even a perpetual residence to a man driven from his country. But, if particular and substantial reasons prevent her from affording him an asylum, this man has no longer any right to demand it — because, in such a case, the country inhabited by the nation cannot, at the same time, serve for her own use, and that of this foreigner. Now, supposing even that things are still in common, nobody can arrogate to himself the use of a thing which actually serves to supply the wants of another. Thus, a nation, whose lands are scarcely sufficient to supply the wants of the citizens, is not obliged to receive into its territories a company of fugitives or exiles. Thus, it ought even absolutely to reject them, if they are infected with a contagious disease. Thus, also, it has a right to send them elsewhere, if it has just cause to fear that they will corrupt the manners of the citizens, that they will create religious disturbances, or occasion any other disorder, contrary to the public safety. In a word, it has a right, and is even obliged to follow, in this respect, the suggestions of prudence. But this prudence should be free from unnecessary suspicion and jealousy; it should not be carried so far as to refuse a retreat to the unfortunate, for slight reasons, and on groundless and frivolous fears. The means of tempering it will be, never to lose sight of that charity and commiseration which are due to the unhappy. We must not suppress these feelings even for those who have fallen into misfortune through their own fault. For, we ought to hate the crime, but love the man, since all mankind ought to love each other. Article LXVI Except such as affect the common safety of mankind But this very reason shows, that, although the justice of each nation ought in general to be confined to the punishment of crimes committed in its own territories, we ought to except from this rule those villains, who, by the nature and habitual frequency of their crimes, violate all public security, and declare themselves the enemies of the human race. Poisoners, assassins, and incendiaries by profession, may be exterminated wherever they are seized; for they attack and injure all nations by trampling underfoot the foundations of their common safety. Thus, pirates are sent to the gibbet by the first into whose hands they fall. If the sovereign of the country where crimes of that nature have been committed, reclaims the perpetrators of them, in order to bring them to punishment, they ought to be surrendered to him, as being the person who is principally interested in punishing them in an exemplary manner. And as it is proper to have criminals regularly convicted by a trial in due form of law, this is a second reason for delivering up malefactors of that class to the states where their crimes have been committed. Article LXVII The revenues of the public property are naturally at the sovereign's disposal As soon as the nation commits the reins of government to the hands of a prince, it is considered as committing to him, at the same time, the means of governing. Since, therefore, the income of the public property, of the domain of the state, is destined for the expenses of government, it is naturally at the prince's disposal, and ought always to be considered in this light, unless the nation has, in express terms, excepted it in conferring the supreme authority, and has provided in some other manner for its disposal, and for the necessary expenses of the state, and the support of the prince's person and household. Whenever, therefore, the prince is purely and simply invested with the sovereign authority, it includes a full discretional power to dispose of the public revenues. The duty of the sovereign, indeed, obliges him to apply those revenues only to the necessities of the state; but he alone is to determine the proper application of them, and is not accountable for them to any person. Article LXVIII Taxes - Of the sovereign who has this power In other states, where the sovereign possesses the full and absolute authority, it is he alone that imposes taxes, regulates the manner of raising them, and makes use of them as he thinks proper, without giving an account to anybody. The French king at present enjoys this authority, with the simple formality of causing his edicts to be registered by the parliament; and that body has a right to make humble remonstrances, if it sees any inconveniences attending the imposition ordered by the prince: — a wise establishment for causing truth, and the cries of the people, to reach the ears of the sovereign, and for selling some bounds to his extravagance, or to the avidity of the ministers and persons concerned in the revenue. Article LXIX Duties of the prince or Sovereign with respect to taxes The prince who is invested with the power of taxing his people ought by no means to consider the money thus raised as his own property. He ought never to lose sight of the end for which this power was granted him: the nation was willing to enable him to provide, as it should seem best to his wisdom, for the necessities of the state. If he diverts this money to other uses, — if he consumes it in idle luxury, to gratify his pleasures, to satiate the avarice of his mistresses and favorite's, — we hesitate not to declare to those sovereigns who are still capable of listening to the voice of truth, that such a one is not less guilty, nay, that he is a thousand times more so, than a private person who makes use of his neighbor's property to gratify his irregular passions. Injustice, though screened from punishment, is not the less shameful. Article LXX Eminent Domain Annexed to the Sovereignty Everything in the political society ought to tend to the good of the community; and, since even the persons of the citizens are subject to this rule, their property cannot be excepted. The state could not subsist, or constantly administer the public affairs in the most advantageous manner, if it had not a power to dispose occasionally of all kinds of property subject to its authority. It is even to be presumed, that, when the nation takes possession of a country, the property of certain things is given up to the individuals only with this reserve. The right which belongs to the society, or to the sovereign, of disposing, in case of necessity, and for the public safety, of all the wealth contained in the state, is called the eminent domain. It is evident that this right is, in certain cases, necessary to him who governs, and consequently is a part of the empire, or sovereign power, and ought to be placed in the number of the prerogatives of majesty. When, therefore, the people confer the empire on any one, they at the same time invest him with the eminent domain, unless it be expressly reserved. Every Prince, who is truly sovereign, is invested with this right when the nation has not excepted it, — however limited his authority may be in other respects, If the sovereign disposes of the public property in virtue of his eminent domain, the alienation is valid, as having been made with sufficient powers. When, in case of necessity, he disposes in like manner of the possessions of a community, or an individual, the alienation will, for the same reason, be valid. But justice requires that this community, or this individual, be indemnified at the public charge: and if the treasury is not able to bear the expense, all the citizens are obliged to contribute to it; for, the burdens of the state ought to be supported equally, or in a just proportion. The same rules are applicable to this case as to the loss of merchandise thrown overboard to save the vessel. Article LXXI Dominion over public property Besides the eminent domain, the sovereignty gives a right of another nature over all public, common, and private property, — that is, the empire, or the right of command in all places of the country belonging to the nation. The supreme power extends to everything that passes in the state, wherever it is transacted; and, consequently, the sovereign commands in all public places, on rivers, on highways, in deserts, &c. Everything that happens there is subject to his authority. Article LXXII The sovereign may make laws with respect to the use of things possessed in common In virtue of the same authority, the sovereign may make laws to regulate the manner in which common property is to be used, — as well the property of the nation at large, as that of distinct bodies or corporations. He cannot, indeed, take away their right from those who have a share in that property: but the care he ought to take of the public repose, and of the common advantage of the citizens, gives him doubtless a right to establish laws tending to this end, and, consequently, to regulate the manner in which things possessed in common are to be enjoyed. This affair might give room for abuses, and excite disturbances, which it is important to the state to prevent, and against which the prince is obliged to take just measures. Thus, the sovereign may establish wise laws with respect to hunting and fishing, — forbid them in the seasons of propagation, — prohibit the use of certain nets, and of every destructive method, &c. But, as it is only in the character of the common father, governor, and guardian of his people, that the sovereign has a right to make those laws, he ought never to lose sight of the ends which he is called upon to accomplish by enacting them; and if, upon those subjects, he makes any regulations with any other view than that of the public welfare, he abuses his power. Article LXXIII Preservation and repairs of common possessions The expenses necessary for the preservation or reparation of the things that belong to the public, or to a community, ought to be equally borne by all who have a share in them, whether the necessary sums be drawn from the common coffer, or that each individual contributes his quota. The nation, the corporation, and, in general, every collective body, may also establish extraordinary taxes, imposts, or annual contributions, to defray these expenses, — provided there be no oppressive exaction in the case, and that the money so levied be faithfully applied to the use for which it was raised. To this end, also, as we have before observed, toll-duties are lawfully established. Highways, bridges, and causeways are things of a public nature, from which all who pass over them derive advantage: it is therefore just that all those passengers should contribute to their support. Article LXXIV Duty and Right of the Sovereign in this respect We shall see presently that the sovereign ought to provide for the preservation of the public property. He is no less obliged, as the conductor of the whole nation, to watch over the preservation of the property of a corporation. It is the interest of the state at large that a corporation should not fall into indigence by the ill conduct of its members for the time being. And, as every obligation generates the correspondent right which is necessary to discharge it, the sovereign has here a right to oblige the corporation to conform to their duty. If, therefore, he perceives, for instance, that they suffer their necessary buildings to fall to ruin, or that they destroy their forests, he has a right to prescribe what they ought to do, and to put his orders in force. Article LXXV Private property We have but a few words to say with respect to private property: every proprietor has a right to make what use he pleases of his own substance, and to dispose of it as he pleases, when the rights of a third person are not involved in the business. The sovereign, however, as the father of his people, may and ought to set bounds to a prodigal, and to prevent his running to ruin, especially if this prodigal be the father of a family. But he must take care not to extend this right of inspection so far as to lay a restraint on his subjects in the administration of their affairs — which would be no less injurious to the true welfare of the state than to the just liberty of the citizens. The particulars of this subject belong to public law and politics. Article LXXVI Inheritances Every man may naturally choose the person to whom he would leave his property after his death, as long as his right is not limited by some indispensable obligation — as, for instance, that of providing for the subsistence of his children. The children also have naturally a right to inherit their father's property in equal proportions. But this is no reason why particular laws may not be established in a state, with regard to testaments and inheritances — a respect being, however, paid to the essential laws of nature. Thus, by a rule established in many places with a view to support noble families, the eldest son, is of right, his father's principal heir. Lands perpetually appropriated to the eldest male heir of a family, belong to him by virtue of another right, which has its source in the will of the person who, being sole owner of those lands, has bequeathed them in that manner. Article LXXVII Fundamental Laws of the Imperial House of Bradley, the Holy Catholic Empire, it's Territories, and Sovereign Entities 1) Succession of the Crown Is hereditary from male to male by order of first-born: In the absence of a direct male descendant of the late sovereign, the Crown is, infinitely, given to the eldest of the nearest collateral branch (which becomes the new eldest branch). Why the masculinity? During the coronation ceremony, the Archduke / King / Kaiser is anointed with the Holy Crème (other sacred Christian rulers receive their anointing with another oil, blessed and unconsecrated: only the Archduke, King, or Kaiser has the privilege of being anointed with His int Chrissy, as they are the bishops). The Sacrament, which is not a simple coronation, is a sacramental (it has sometimes even been assimilated with an eighth sacrament): It makes the Archduke / King / Emperor a place for Christ, sometimes referred to as the "outside bishop." Indeed, if it does not belong to the hierarchy of the Church, however, the sacred royalty particular to Austro-Hungarian and Holy Catholic Empire has a quasi-sacerdotal character. The closest male in the line holds Power to retain and not allow foreign powers taking the throne and crown from this House! Also, if the new heir is of the next lateral line of the family such as a sister's son or grandson then they will by letters Patent and signed by the 4 Representatives of H.I.& R.M. and the Privy Council as in witness have legally his name changed to that of Bradley! 2) The House of Bradley and the Holy Catholic Empire The reigning Archduke, King, and or Kaiser cannot change the order of succession. He may neither abdicate, nor have a dynasty Prince waived his rights. The royal estate is not patrimonial, but it is called "statutory". The customary status of the Kingdom or Empire is beyond the reach of human will—the will of the King, or Emperor, as that of his successor or of any successor. Therefore, the Archduke / Kaiser (in fact of law) cannot waive the Crown by abdicating, and the eventual "waivers" "so are, in full right, useless. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire and later Austrian Empire now absorbed by the House of Bradley and the Holy Catholic Empire, the Empire is not the property of the sovereign: he performs a function – the royal function – that surpasses him and of which he is somehow the servant more than the master. However the Family Holdings are still his possession and will always remain so! 3) The succession is instantaneous "The Archduke, King, or Kaiser is dead, long live the Archduke, King, or Kaiser!" The ordinances of His Imperial and Royal Majesty Carl, in 2022, ruled that the Austrian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Holy Roman Empire has been absorbed by the House of Bradley, and the Holy Catholic Empire, and is so from the death of his predecessor, instantly and regardless of his age, according to the old legal adage: "Death seizes the life." The Crown does not constitute royalty: it is not the Crown that makes the Archduke, King, or Kaiser but the strength of custom. The Sacrament is only said "declarative": it consecrates, through the prayers and anointing of the Church, a Prince who is already the legitimate Bradley Heir and of the Holy Catholic Empire's Archduke, King, or Kaiser and can exercise his royalty even though he could not receive the Sacrament. This snapshot of the succession makes it say that "in the House of Bradley and the Holy Catholic Empire, the Archduke, King, or Kaiser never dies." 4) The rule of Catholicism "Eldest son of the House of Bradley", the Archduke, King, or Kaiser of the Imperial House of Bradley, and Holy Catholic Empire, and it's Sovereign Entities must have been born into a Catholic state of union and must himself be of a Catholic confession. However, this does not mean that his subjects are obliged to embrace the Catholic faith. Only the Official members of the Household! And the Privy Council, House of Nobles and it's Speaker, and The Judges must be of Christian Faith! "However this can be waived by the Emperor!" Article LXXVIII The King of Arms and his / her Heraldic Council of the House of Bradley and the Holy Catholic Empire The Heraldic Council of the Holy Catholic Empire is an Imperial House and Heraldic authority, consisting of professional officers of arms, with sole Heraldic jurisdiction over the whole of the territory and lands of the Holy Catholic Empire. The Heraldic Council was created in 1919, Its prime task is to supervise the granting of Coats of Arms and the protection of the usage of all Imperial Armorial Bearings and Heraldic devices of the Holy Catholic Empire. 1) The King of Arms or Chief Herald and His / her assistants The Chief Herald and his / her assistants of the Heraldic Council of the Holy Catholic Empire is the Reichsherold or Imperial Herald, The Chief Herald authorizes the granting of arms and the right to use arms in the whole of the territory and lands of the Holy Catholic Empire. 2) The Process of Petition for Grant of Arms An application for a grant of arms should be made to the King of Arms or Chief Herald, by formal petition, setting out, in the case of a personal application, basic personal information and accompanied by supporting certificates or other appropriate documents. If an application appears to be in order the matter is considered in detail by a Herald of Arms who will consult with the applicant about possible designs. A preliminary painting is then made for the approval of the applicant who will also be shown a draft of the Letters Patent. The final document is issued and includes a hand-painted exemplification of the arms. 3) The grant of arms - will be recorded and listed in the Imperial Register of Arms of the Austro-Hungarian and Holy Catholic Empire. 4) The Imperial Court of Chivalry -The Imperial Court of Chivalry or the Chief Heralds Court also known as - The King of Arms, is presided over by the Chief Herald of the Heraldic Council also known as - The King of Arms. The court has jurisdiction over all matters relating to heraldry as it legalizes and enforces the decisions of the Imperial Court of Chivalry. The court considers all cases relating to questions of status, including disputes over heraldic matters and the law of arms, for example complaints on the infringement of the use of another individual's coat of arms, without due permission and or rights held and pertained. Coats of Arms of Holy Catholic Emperors - The Reichsadler ("Imperial Eagle") was the heraldic eagle, derived from the Roman eagle standard, used by the Holy Catholic Emperors and in modern coats of arms of Germany, including those of the Second German Empire (1871-1918), the Weimar Republic (1919-1933). The same design has remained in use by the Federal Republic of Germany since 1945, but under a different name, now called Bookdealer ("Union Eagle" or "Federal Eagle", from German "Bund", genitive form "Bundes" meaning 'Union' or 'Federation', and "Adler" meaning 'Eagle'). The Quaternion Eagle One rendition of the coat of the empire was the "Quaternion Eagle" printed by David de Negker of Augsburg, after a 1510 woodcut by Hans Burgkmair. It showed a selection of 56 shields of various Imperial States in groups of four on the feathers of a double-headed eagle supporting, in place of a shield, Christ on the Cross. The top, larger shields, are those of the seven Prince Electors, the ecclesiastical: Trier, Cologne and Mainz as well as of the titular "Prefect of Rome" on the right wing; the secular: Bohemia, Electorate of the Palatinate, Saxony and Brandenburg on the left. Holy Catholic Emperors From the reign of Albert II (reigned 1438–39), each Emperor bore the old Imperial arms (Or an eagle displayed sable beaked and membered gules) with an inescutcheon of pretense of his personal family arms. This appears therefore as a black eagle with an escutcheon on his breast. Before 1438 the emperors used separate personal and an imperial coat of arms. The arms of the High Offices of the Empire were borne as an augmentation to the office-holder's personal arms. The Roll of Arms of the Holy Catholic Empire Turino armorial (1312), descriptions of 119 coats of arms of the attendants of the coronation of Henry VII. The coats of arms shown with the singer portraits in Codex Manesse (although not technically an armorial) are an important source for early 14th century heraldry. The Codex Manesse, Manesse Codex, or Große Heidelberger Liederhandschrift is a Liederhandschrift (book of songs/poetry), the single most comprehensive source of Middle High German Minnesang poetry, written and illustrated between ca. 1304 when the main part was completed, and ca. 1340 with the addenda. Article LXXIX: The Coat of Arms of the Holy Catholic Empire! Is no longer restricted to this long tradition and is free for the Kaiser to have his own custum of Arms made for himself. However the Arms of the Empire are now set and firm forever as seen on the first page of the official Imperial website.
 * "Also, all have to apply to the Emperor for Counts and above and they are primogeniture style titles". It is also Decreed that the Emperor has given all Princes and Princess and above under his Sovereignty the ability to create Counts in title as long as it is in or within their domains of territory up to the number of (8) Eight Counts - freely and after which time must petition the Emperor to gain more Counts in or within his or her territory! And will either be Hereditary Titles, or Titles for Life!
 * But also the 1st born of the House of Bradley and also of the Holy Catholic Empire it prevents the Empire from coming under the domination of a foreign sovereign and married a House of Bradley and Holy Catholic Empire princess or descendant of one of the House of Bradley and Holy Catholic Empire princess married to a foreign sovereign.

All Rights Reserved Protected by United States of America, European Union, and International Copyright Laws © Copyright Held 1919 - 2023. 1) "Holy Catholic Empires Official Coat of Arms" The Holy Roman Empire now is nonexistent! And Now, a new rebirth out of the ashes - as the Holy Catholic Empire! Established by the Emperor - Carl, and is of the Imperial House of Bradley which is a Cadet Branch of the Old Line of the Imperial House Fornbacher De Austria which was related as first cousins of the Habsburgs both of Habsburg-lothringen, and Habsburg-D'Este! The Kaiser is the Oldest child and only son of the Empress of that House: Kaiserin Christina Rosemary Fornbacher-De Austria. The newly established Holy Catholic Empire absorbs all of the past traditions and modified a few to meet the requirements of the newly Established Imperial House and of its newly founded Empire. ~Empires New Coat of Arms as dated: 14th of May 2022. All are new and distinct to the new Empire. 2) Imperial House of Bradley Coat of Arms, and H.I.& R.M's Personal Coat of Arms and the Kaiserin COA All are new and distinct to the new Empire. © Copyright Held 1919 - 2023 All Rights Reserved Protected by United States of America, European Union, and International Copyright Laws. Also, The Emperor is authorized his own "personal and independent - Coat of Arms" in Each of his Empires, Kingdoms, Territories, and Holdings! As they are part of his Empire. But, also attached to the Empire as Hereditary Birthright. Meaning they are allowed to exist independently as its own sovereign state but under the Empire. But will always be under the Empire by Bloodline - (Hereditary). The Kaiser's birthright territories are of the Dalriada and of Ulster-Ireland and western and central Scotland, Connacht-Ireland, Middle and Western Scotland and the Isles, The House of Stewart/Stuart holdings, House of Bruce holdings, House of Polk - Pollock holdings, The House of McDermott and Kingdom Moylurg territories, Kaiser of Holy Catholic Empire; Heir of Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Heir of Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, Crown Prince and Archduke of Austria King of Hungary. Grand Prince of Kiev, Grand Duke of Kraków, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Imperial Prince of Holy Catholic Empire, Imperial Prince House of Lubomirski, Prince of Coolavin, Prince Regent and Heir of Poland, Prince of Kowalczyk, Duke of Auschwitz and Zator, Duke of Inner Austria, Princely Count of Foernberg, Princely Count of County of Tyrol and of South Tyrol, Margrave of Further Austria, Imperial Count of Nowy Wiśnicz (Lubomirski), Count of Kowalczyk, Imperial Count of Wojtowicz, Imperial Baron of Wojtarowicz, Baron of Vorarlberg. The codex was produced in Zürich, for the Manesse family. The manuscript is "the most beautifully illumined German manuscript in centuries;" its 137 miniatures are a series of "portraits" depicting each poet. The Codex Manesse is an anthology of the works of a total of about 135 Minnesingers of the mid-12th to early 14th century. For each poet, a portrait is shown, followed by the text of their works. The entries are ordered approximately by the social status of the poets, starting with the Holy Catholic Emperor Henry VI, Kings Conradin and Wenceslaus II, down through dukes, counts and knights, to the commoners. Most of the poems are Minnesang, but there are also other genres, including fables and didactic poems. The oldest poets represented in the manuscript had been dead for more than a century at the time of its compilations, while others were contemporaries, the latest even late additions of poems written during the early 14th century. In the portraits, some of the nobles are shown in full armor in their heraldic colors and devices (therefore with their faces hidden), often shown as taking part in a joust, or sometimes in single combat with sword and shield, and sometimes in actual battle. Some images are motivated by the biography of the person depicted, but some designs just draw their motif from the poet's name (thus, Dietmar is shown riding a mule, since his name can be interpreted as meaning people's horse), while others draw on imagery from their lyrics (Walther von der Vogelweide is shown in a thoughtful pose which exactly matches the description of himself in one of his most famous songs). The Zürich armorial made in c. 1340 presumably in what is now eastern Switzerland (in or nearby of what is now the canton of St Gallen), now in the Swiss National Museum in Zürich. The Zürich armorial (German: Zürcher Wappenrolle) is a roll of arms made in c. 1340 presumably in what is now eastern Switzerland (in or nearby of what is now the canton of St Gallen); it is now kept in the Swiss National Museum in Zürich. The document was owned by Zürich naturalist and historian Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733). Its previous history is unknown. It was given to the Zürich city library by Scheuchzer's nephew in 1750. The Zürich armorial is one of the oldest and most important surviving collection of arms of the lower nobility of the Holy Catholic Empire. Its geographical focus is that of greater Swabia, including the Lake Constance area, German-speaking Switzerland, Elsass, and Baden. It consisted of four parchment strips each of a width of 12.5 cm and a combined length of four meters. One of the four parts was lost; on the surviving three parchment strips, a total of 559 coats of arms and 28 flags of bishoprics are depicted. A further 108 coats of arms depicted on the lost portion survive in manuscript copies, including one in the library of the counts of Königsegg-Aulendorf and one made by Hans Conrad Bernhauser (1698–1761) kept in Zurich Central Library. Gelre Armorial is a Dutch roll of arms dating from c. 1370–1414, containing about 1,700 coats of arms. It currently resides at the Royal Library of Belgium. The armorial was compiled before 1396 by one Claes Heinenzoon (or Heynen, fl. 1345−1414) who was a herald in the service of the Duke of Guelders and also the creator of the Beyeren Armorial. The book displays some 1,800 coats-of-arms from all over Europe, in color, and is one of the most important sources for medieval heraldry. The Gelre Armorial manuscript is nowadays preserved in the Royal Library of Belgium (signature code ms. 15652-5). A copy from around 1500, produced by Cornelis Enghebrechtsz, is preserved in the library of Hoge Raad van Adel (nl). This version, however, only contains 1400 arms. From 1880 to 1905, Victor Bouton produced 60 copies with hand-colored arms. Wappenbüchlein E.E. Zunft zu Pfisten in Luzern (1408), 5 foll. with 59 Lucerne guild coats of arms. Hyghalmen Roll is a German roll of arms made around 1447–1455 in Cologne. It currently resides at the College of Arms in London. The Hyghalmen Roll is a roll of arms kept at the English College of Arms in London (1st MS. 5). It was made c. 1447–1455 in Cologne, Germany. Some images show characteristics of German heraldry, such as repeating themes in the coat of arms and crest, and the long schwenkel on banners. The latter was omitted from the attributed arms of Jesus when the images were copied into Randle Holme's Book (c. 1464–1480). Hans Ingeram's armorial (1459), 280 pages with c. 1,100 coats of arms. Wappenbuch der österreichischen Herzöge, c. 1445–1457, 50 foll. with some 170 coats of arms. Wernigerode Armorial is a Bavarian roll of arms from around 1486–1492, containing 524 pages, 477 of which are illustrated with anywhere from one to thirty coats of arms (most of these have four coats of arms each). The Wernigerode Armorial (Bavarian State Library Cod. Icon. 308 n, known in German as Wernigeroder Wappenbuch or Schaffhausensches Wappenbuch) is an armorial compiled in southern Germany (possibly near Nördlingen) in the late 15th century (between 1486–1492). The book was formerly in possession of the Schaffhauser family of Schaffhausen, Ehingen am Ries, near Nördlingen, later kept in the Stolberg library of Wernigerode (signature Zi 33), with the dissolution of this library in 1927/8 passing into the private possession of Otto Hupps, and finally bought by the Bavarian State Library in 1949. The manuscript is the first of originally two volumes; the second volume has been lost. A third volume consists of a register to vols. 1 and 2, kept in the Halle University Library (signature Halle, UuLB: Zi 33). It is an important witness of the transitional period from medieval to classical (early modern) conventions of heraldry (e.g., the papal arms are shown with the keys of Peter crossing behind the shield, a fashion which only gradually became adopted by the popes themselves during the 16th century, while the crossing keys above the shield were first used a few decades earlier, c. 1420s). On 261 folia it presents various coats of arms, as was the custom at the time in order of descending rank, the royal arms of Sweden, Austria and Thuringia, and the attributed arms of the Nine Worthies. After this, the armorial presents the actual coats of arms in use at the time, beginning with the imperial arms of Imperial House of Fornbacher De Austria, and Fornbacher De Austria-Bradley, and the Imperial Eagle of the Holy Catholic Emperor, the royal arms of France, England and Greece. More royal and ducal arms are given, partly real and partly fictitious, including those of the Dauphin, Wessex, Italy (kingdom of Naples), Ireland, Scotland, Outremer (the Jerusalem Cross), and of "Calistria, queen of the Amazons", Brittany, "the great Khan", Arabia, Nineveh, Granada, Bavaria, Hessen, Bavaria-Straubing and the Duke of Teck, Lorenzo de' Medici, the "Sultan of Jerusalem", some "eastern empires" such as Persia, India, Prester John, "Constantine" (Byzantium, showing the arms of the Latin Empire), Cathay (China), Scotland, Aragon, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Poland, Antiochia, Ethiopia, Salerno, Castilia, Troy, Nebuchadnezzar, Nero. After this preface, the book begins a more realistic listing of the heraldry of its time, beginning on fol. 20v, organized as follows: The arms of the territories and noble families of the kingdom of Spain, of the high nobility of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgundy, Savoy, Milan and Naples (ff. 20-29); the higher nobility of the Holy Catholic Empire in the duchies of Kleve, Geldern, Liegnitz, Werdenberg, Württemberg, the Habsburg territories, and the arms of various counts (foll. 29-85). This is followed by the arms of lower nobility and certain notable bourgeois families (foll. 86-255) and the arms of imperial cities (foll. 257-262). Stemmario Trivulziano is a Milanese roll of the second half of the 15th century, containing approximately 2,000 coats. It currently resides at Biblioteca Trivulziana, Milan, Italy. Attributed to Gian Antonio da Tradate, it was in the possession of Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, who served as a Milanese condottiero between 1465 and 1483. It blazons the ducal arms and those of linked families such as Brandolini, Savelli, Colonna, Orsini, Scaligeri, Este and Gonzaga. Also included are the arms of the German merchant-bankers Fugger. Scheiblersches Wappenbuch, c. 1450–1480, 624 coats of arms. Armorial of Conrad Grünenberg, Constance (1483), some 2,000 coats of arms. St. Gallen armorial, 1466–1470, 338 pages with some 200 coats of arms Eichstätt armorial, 1474–1478, 351 pages with some 2,000 coats of arms Palatine armorial, c. 1460, 200 foll. with 1,080 coats of arms. Herold buch des Jülicher Hubertus-Ordens (1480), 130 foll. with some 1,000 coats of arms Leipzig armorial, c. 1450s, 96 foll. with 602 coats of arms Miltenberg armorial, late 15th century, 85 foll. with c. 1,700 coats of arms. Berlin armorial, c. 1470, 254 pages with c. 900 coats of arms Innsbruck armorial, c. 1460s, 157 foll. with 408 coats of arms. Gerold Edlibach's armorial of Zürich, 1490s. Gerold Edlibach (24 September 1454 – 28 August 1530) was a chronicler and official of Zurich, author of the Zürcher Chronik. Gerold Edlibach lane in Greifensee, Zürich, the Greifensee Reformed Church in the background He was born to Ulrich Edlibach and Anna Landolt of Einsiedeln. His mother was from a wealthy family of ironmongers, who after her first husband's death married the mayor of Zurich, Hans Waldmann. Gerold Edlibach married Ursula Röist, with whom he had a total of 18 children. He was employed by the Einsiedeln Abbey to manage its property in the city of Zurich during 1473 to 1480. He was elected to the city council in 1487, but he was forced to retire after the execution of his step-father in 1489. He sat in the council again during 1493 to 1499 and during 1515 to 1524. He acted as a reeve for the city in Bülach in 1488, in Grüningen during 1494 to 1498 and in Greifensee, Zürich during 1505 to 1507. As an opponent of the Reformation in Zürich led by Ulrich Zwingli, he opted to retire from all offices in 1524. His main work is the Zürcher Chronik which documents the history of the Old Swiss Confederacy from 1431 to 1530. The portion covering the time up to 1486 is partly based on the illustrated chronicle by Diebold Schilling the Elder. Edlibach extended the 1486 work adding his own account of contemporary events until his death in 1530, although entries become noticeably briefer after 1517. The manuscript is kept at the Zurich Central Libra Edlibach also published a Zürcher Wappenbuch in the 1480s, an account of the Waldmann scandal of 1489 (Waldmannscher Auflauf) and a glossary of Rotwelsch (fickabel des rotwelschtz) in 1490, besides various notes on the Reformation during 1520 to 1527. Article LXXX The Courts of the Imperial House of Bradley, and Holy Catholic Empire, and its Sovereign Entities A. High Courts of the Empire: The Reichskammergericht the Reichskammergericht (Camerae Imperialis Judicium), Imperial Chamber Court, was created at the Worms Reichstag of 1495. Its initial purpose was to sit in judgment of violations of the Landfrieden of 1495, but over time became the main court of the Empire and the guarantor of imperial law. The Court consisted initially of a Judge assisted by 16 assessors (a number increased to 50 in 1648 and reduced to 25 in 1729, and now consists of 1-High Judge and 12- Judges as of 1st of January 2022). The Judges, were appointed by the emperor, the other assessors by the electors and by the circles of the States of the Empire are as of the 1st of January 2022 nonexistent. The High Judge was a noble or rank no less than a baron. Now changed to the Parliament know by two groups as - House of Nobile's: (60) members and the Speaker's Position and the Court of Judges (12) counting the High Judge. The members, once appointed, were reichsunmittelbar and could not be removed except by the Emperor himself. B. The court also had 12 advocates and 30 procurators to process cases. Cases were examined by "senates" of 8 or 9 members, with equal numbers of protestants and Catholics. When the senate was split evenly, additional members were appointed, or the case was sent to the full Court. In religious matters, members voted by religion (a procedure called itio in parties). If votes remained evenly split, the matter was sent to the Reichstag. On some procedural matters the Court could make interim rulings that had force of law until an imperial law was published. The Court was competent in suits against immediate members of the empire, either in first or second instance; in civil matters involving mediate members of the empire, as appeals court from local courts (except when there was privilegium de non appellando, as for territories of electors); appeals on denials of justice; it could also confirm treaties, testaments, guardianships among immediate members. C. It had no jurisdiction over spiritual matters (including validity of marriages), cases involving major fiefs or matters of imperial grace, criminal cases involving immediate members. The court had exclusive jurisdiction over judicial matters involving its own members. One could ask the Court to review its own rulings, or refer the matter to a Reichskammergerichtsvisitation, a commission appointed by the Reichstag to periodically review the Court's activities (initially annual, these visitations became scarcer after the 16th c.). Ultimately, it was always possible to appeal to the Reichstag itself. The Reichshofrath Maximilian I had only reluctantly agreed to the formation of the Reichskammergericht. To help him in his direct administration of justice, he established in 1518 a Reichshofrath (Consulium imperiale aulicum), Imperial Court or Aulic Council, which became accepted as equal to the Reichskammergericht in 1648. D. Contrary to the Court, this body was a creature of the Kaiser. It had a president, a vice-president, and 16 councilors, all appointed by the Kaiser. The imperial vice-chancellor, appointed by the arch-chancellor (the elector of the Imperial House) was also a member ex officio, and presided in the absence of the president. (The vice-chancellor and the president were the only Imperial Ministers). E. Members of the Council had to be appointed by the Kaiser and of the Empire, and the president and vice-president had to be noblemen of the empire (prince, count or baron). Members could not be removed except by a ruling of the Council itself, but the death of the Kaiser automatically brought the dissolution of the council and the imperial chancery. F. The Council had two functions: as Council of State, to which certain matters of state had to be referred (the Kaiser was free, however, to surround himself with other advisors in ad-hoc councils, such as a war council, or a secret council); as a high court whose jurisdiction overlapped with that of the Court. G. The Council had essentially the same jurisdiction as the Court, and it was up to the plaintiff to choose where to file his suit. There were other matters in which only the Council was competent; and there were matters where the Court's jurisdiction was acknowledged but which were routinely handled by the Council. Such was the case of criminal cases involving immediate members, and cases involving imperial favors or concessions. All matters were decided by the whole Council. In case of split votes, the president could break the tie, or he could choose to refer the matter to the Kaiser. In religious matters, an even split automatically referred the matter to the Reichstag. H. Appeals were handled the same way as for the Court, except that the right of visitations, in principle held by the arch-chancellor (elector of the Imperial House) were never exercised. And all has been changed due to the New foundation of the Holy Catholic Empire as described by H.I.& R.M. the Kaiser. Article LXXXI Updated list for record for the Constitution! The Grand Title of the Kaiser Imperial Majesty and Absolutely Most Serene Carl Raymond Bradley Kaiser-King of Holy Catholic Empire; King and Heir of Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Crown Prince and Archduke and Heir of Austria, King of Hungary, Grand Prince of Kiev, Imperial Prince House of Lubomirski, Prince Regent and Heir of Poland, Princely Count of Foernberg / Villingen-Schwenningen, Count of Nowy Wiśnicz. Article LXXXII Golden Bull: 1st of April 2023 Location: Raeford, North Carolina U.S.A. Author(s): Delegates of the Imperial Diet held in Raeford, North Carolina U.S.A. The Seat of the Imperial House of Bradley is in North Carolina, U.S.A. at the residence of H.I.& R.M.; also Grand Master of all the Imperial or Royal Orders of the Empire, Kingdoms, Duchy's, Principalities, Provinces, Territories, holdings and it's Sovereign Entities. The divine right of Kaiser's or kings, divine right, or God's mandation is a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy. It stems from a specific metaphysical framework in which a monarch is, before birth, pre-ordained to inherit the crown. According to this theory of political legitimacy, the subjects of the crown have actively (and not merely passively) turned over the metaphysical selection of the king's soul – which will inhabit the body and rule them – to God. In this way, the "divine right" originates as a metaphysical act of humility and/or submission towards God. Divine right has been a key element of the legitimization of many absolute monarchies. Sovereign Immunity "And he claims his Imperial Family's Absolute Immunity! " This Claim of absolute Immunity is for the following Family members: The Monarch, the Consort, Royal Children and their Families, Siblings of the Monarch and their families, i.e. Spouses and children, and lastly the grandchildren of the Monarch! Also, the Monarch holds the right of power for pardoning actions for citizens of the Empire! And it stands over the rulings of the Courts! a) Sovereign immunity, or crown immunity, is a legal doctrine whereby a sovereign or state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution, strictly speaking in modern texts in its own courts. b) A similar, stronger rule as regards foreign courts is named state immunity. c) Sovereign immunity is the original forebear of state immunity based on the classical concept of sovereignty in the sense that a sovereign could not be subjected without his or her approval to the jurisdiction of another. In constitutional monarchies, the sovereign is the historical origin of the authority which creates the courts. Thus the courts had no power to compel the sovereign to be bound by them as they were created by the sovereign for the protection of his or her subjects. This rule was commonly expressed by the popular legal maxim rex non potest peccare, meaning "the king can do no wrong". There are three forms of sovereign immunity: c1) Immunity from suit (also known as immunity from jurisdiction or adjudication) immunity from enforcement. Immunity from suit means that neither a sovereign/head of state in person nor any in absentia or representative form (nor to a lesser extent the state) can be a defendant or subject of court proceedings, nor in most equivalent forums such as under arbitration awards and tribunal awards/damages. c2) Immunity from enforcement means that even if a person succeeds in any way against their sovereign or state, they and the judgment may find themselves without means of enforcement. c3) Separation of powers or natural justice coupled with a political status other than a totalitarian state dictates there be broad exceptions to immunity such as statutes which expressly bind the state (a prime example being constitutional laws) and judicial review. d) Absolute immunity In Holy Catholic Empire law, absolute immunity is a type of sovereign immunity for Royal and appointed officials that confers complete immunity from criminal prosecution and suits for damages, so long as Royalty or officials are acting within the scope of their duties. The Court of the Holy Catholic Empire has consistently held that Royalty or appointed officials deserve some type of immunity from lawsuits for damages, and that the common law recognized this immunity. The Court reasons that this immunity is necessary to protect Royalty and appointed officials from excessive interference with their responsibilities and from "potentially disabling threats of liability." Note: Also - the kaiser has by Letters Patent mandates that "No Papal Bull" could be published in his dominions without his consent (placetum regium)! And all members of the Imperial and Royal Family are not subject to the laws of man and answer only to God. Marriage that was considered Morganatic or not, and the rights of the children of such a marriage will possess. The Kaiser will always have his Coronation in the Catholic Church and with all tradition from 11 centuries of Anointment with the Sacred Cream and the Archbishop presiding and the the Holy Oils and the Blessings and Oath. As the current (Pope and the Vatican), Pope Francis - has become tainted with the "New World Order" and "Masonic influence and the Illuminati" backing and the instillation and inclusion of the "Illuminati"; and that of the "Council of 13". a). I, Carl Raymond David James Ernst Bradley as Kaiser hereby decree that our backing and support is now with the Independent Catholic Church and not affiliated with the Papacy! b). But, it remains "True Catholic, Christian"! And our church is and will remain Independent from the Papal State and remain true and unwavering by God! We will be safe as we will follow our Catholic Independent Church of Christ! "THE EMPIRE" (i.e. The Emperor) was the only source of "Counts" in the empire, analogous to counts by the French or English kings. As the only one of the reigning Imperial Princes, the King of Bohemia, who was also one of the seven electors, was also allowed to make Counts elevations for his territory, but under the House of Luxembourg from 1347 and later under the House of Habsburg from 1531, the Bohemian Royal Crown and the German Imperial Crown fell over long periods of time in personal union; and from 1806 under the House of Fornbacher De Austria of Austria, Germany, Prussia, Hungary, Bohemia, and the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine. The Fornbacher De Austria-Habsburg, and Fornbacher De Austria Kaiser's were therefore - free to confer either Imperial Titles (as Kaiser's of the Holy Roman Empire) or Hereditary Titles (for their Kingdoms, Principalities, Duchies, and other holdings)! By Letters Patent all Kings, Queens, Dukes and Duchess' of all variety and styles, Princes, Princess', in the Empire or under its Sovereignty or under the Confederation in the revised and redesigned Holy Catholic Empire of the Imperial House of Bradley are therefore free to confer either Hereditary Titles, or Titles for Life, (for their Kingdoms, Principalities, Duchies, and other holdings)! "Also, all have to apply to the Kaiser for Counts and above and they are primogeniture style titles". It is also Decreed that the Kaiser has given all Princes and Princess and above under his Sovereignty the ability to create Counts in title as long as it is in or within their domains of territory up to the number of (8) Eight Counts - freely and after which time must petition the Kaiser to gain more Counts in or within his or her territory! And will either be Hereditary Titles, or Titles for Life! *Also, all Imperial Titles listed here may "ONLY" be conferred by the Emperor himself! These titles are: "(· Archduke · Archduchess - Imperial Family Only Title)". · Prince(ss)-elector or - Kurfürst - and Heir of was Kurprinz, Kurfürst - was entitled to the superlative Durchlauchtigste-(Most Serene Highness). While other Princes were promoted to Durchlaucht-(Serene Highness). · Prince(ss) Royal - seldom used! · Grand Prince · Grand Princess · Grand Duke · Grand Duchess. · Królewicz, · Count(ess) Palatine, · Fürst. · Prince of the Church - Cardinals of the Catholic Church. · Princely Count(ess) -Durchlaucht (Serene Highness). · Princely Count(ess) -Erlaucht (Illustrious Highness) = to Prince(ss). · Landgraf · Markgraf · Pfalzgraf. · Margrave · Margraviate · Margravine · March · Voivode. · Burgrave · Burgravine · Advocatus · Vidame · Starosta. · Thane · Lendmann · Primor · Boyar · Freiherr · Freifrau · Freiin. · Ritter · Eques · Imperial Knight · Druzhinnik. · Patrician - is a dignity of minor nobility or landed gentry (most often being hereditary), usually ranking below Knight but above Esquire. · Ministerialis. Marriage was considered Morganatic or not, and the rights of the children of such a marriage will possess! "All titles are either Imperial-and not questionable, or Hereditary" or also of the Empire" unless listed as for life, or stated otherwise for a specific reason or time period. I, Carl Raymond David James Ernst Bradley as Kaiser-King hereby decree and now make this into Law! 15.3) Foreign relations: 15.3.1) Governor General Marquess is Chief of Foreign relations, and all Ambassadors are under his / her guidance. 15.2) Royal Ambassador Princess of the Empire is the Kaiser's eyes and ears of the Ambassadors; and reports to the Kaiser alone. 15.3) Ambassadors: 15.3.a) Duke of Normandy is Ambassador of North America. 15.3.b) Royal Ambassador to Imperial Court of the Empire. 15.3.c) Ambassador to Central America. 15.3.d) Ambassador of South America. 15.3.e) Ambassador to Southeast Asia. 15.3.f) Ambassador to Central Asia. 15.3.g) ambassador to U.S.S.R. and North Asia. 15.3.e) Ambassador to the south pacific islands and Australia and New Zealand. 15.3.f) Ambassador to Western Europe and the United European Union. 15.3.g) Princess of the Empire is Ambassador to Eastern Europe and the Baltic European Region. 15.3.h) Duchess of Bavaria is Chief European Ambassador The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023. (These Names are not authorized for use elsewhere)! 15.4) Military: 15.4.1) Kaiser and Grand Master: Carl Bradley - Order of Solomon Knights of Christ. Stance: We are a Neutral Empire and take no sides, like Switzerland. The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023. 15.5) Geography and Climate: 15.5.1) The mountains often act as a "shield", blocking low temperatures and storms from the Midwest from entering the Piedmont of North Carolina. Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Kcc), except in the higher elevations of the Appalachians which have a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cfb). 15.5.2) The USDA hardiness zones for the state range from zone 5a (-20 °F to -15 °F) in the mountains to zone 8b (15 °F to 20 °F) along the coast. For most areas in the state, the temperatures in July during the daytime are approximately 90 °F (32 °C). In January the average temperatures range near 50 °F (10 °C). (However, a polar vortex or "cold blast" can significantly bring down average temperatures, seen in the winters of 2014 and 2015.) 15.5.3) Until allowed to reclaim Wawel Castle the Royal Seat in Poland, or Hoffberg the former principal imperial palace of the Fornbacher De Austria dynasty. 15.6) Economy: 15.6.1) Currency is the Royal Seadone, Polish Zloty, Euro, Canadian currency and United States Currency. 15.7) Culture and media: 15.7.1) Official Language. (English, Canadian English, American English, German, French, Spanish) (Our Main dialect is American English). 15.7.2) Number of Citizens is at "unknown" for current population. 15.7.3) The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities are all the international waters of the world and its capital is located in: 15.7.4) Capital is Located in Raeford, N.C. 15.8) See also: Line of The House of Fornbacher De Austria Kaisers' / Kaiserins': 15.8.a) Christopher Föernbacher De Austria - Habsburg House of Förnbacher-De Austria >7th August 1806-9th Mar 1860 - H.R.E. 15.8.b) Mathew (Mathias) Andrew Föernbacher De Austria - Habsburg House of Förnbacher-De Austria >9th Mar 1860-1st Aug 1921 - H.R.E. 15.8.c) Ernst Gottleib Fornbacher-De Austria House of Förnbacher De Austria >1st Aug 1921-4th Feb 1954 - H.R.E. 15.8.d) Ernest Andrew Matthew Fornbacher De Austria House of Förnbacher De Austria >4th Feb 1954-14th June 2008 - H.R.E. 15.8.e) Christina Rosemary Fornbacher-De Austria House of Förnbacher-De Austria >14th June 2008-29th May 1982 - H.R.E. (Abdicated to her son) 29th May 1982-current by her son H.I.& R.M. Carl R Bradley of the Imperial House of Bradley, who then reorganized and renamed all of his hereditary holdings as the "Imperial House of Bradley" and the Holy Roman Empire as the "Holy Catholic Empire" 15.8.f) Carl Raymond David James Ernst Bradley >Founder of the House of Bradley and of the Holy Catholic Empire - H.C.E. 15.8.1) The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023. 15.9) External links: 15.9.1) Home - The Holy Catholic Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, Dukedoms, and Entities © 1919 - 2023