User:CSJJ104/sandbox/Second Bishops' War

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Newburn campaign
Leslie joined the Covenanter army at Duns in July, as the build up along the border neared completion. Seeing the English forces opposing him were in no state to take offensive action Leslie led his men over the Tweed on 20 August and continued south without encountering opposition, reaching the Tyne at Newburn. After a short encounter at Newburn on 28 August the English forces fled, leaving Leslie free to attack Newcastle from the rear where it was less well defended. The English garrison withdrew without a fight, allowing Leslie to enter Newcastle on 30 August.

After taking Newcastle, Leslie sent Charles Seton to seize Durham, a task accomplished on 4 September. The Covenanters would advance as far as the Tweed, where they established a line of outposts by 18 September, before pausing to allow negotiations to proceed. The Treaty of Ripon would be agreed on 28 October, allowing the Covenanters to remain in control of Northumberland and Durham and requiring the English to pay them £850 a day to cover their expenses, while the dispute was referred to the English Parliament.

Aftermath
Charles issued writs for a parliament which met on 3 November and would become known as the Long Parliament. Since the Scots had made clear they would not return home until they were paid and had agreed a settlement with the English Parliament, this parliament was the first for centuries that the king was unable to dissolve at will. One of the parliament's first acts was to deny Charles funds to continue fighting the Scots, who were allowed to run their Church as they liked.

The Long Parliament would then pass acts meaning it could not be dissolved without its own permission, executed Strafford, and imprisoned Archbishop Laud. Parliament agreed the Treaty of London, signed on 10 August, paying the Scots £300,000 as recompense for the wars. Following this, the Covenanter army returned to Scotland on 7 September.

Disputes between Charles and Parliament continued to escalate, culminating in the attempted arrest of the Five Members in January 1642. Charles left London and began rallying support for his cause, raising his standard on 22 August 1642, beginning the English Civil War.