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Dwarfism is when an person is exceptionally short. This is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than 4 ft. There are two main types: disproportionate dwarfism with short limbs and proportionate dwarfism with both short limbs and torso. Intelligence is usually normal, as is life expectancy. Other symptoms may depend on the underlying cause.

The most common cause of proportionate dwarfism is having short parents; though it may also occur due to growth hormone deficiency, Turner syndrome, and other genetic conditions. Disproportionate dwarfism is most commonly due to achondroplasia. More than 300 conditions can result in dwarfism. Diagnosis may occur before, at, or some time after birth.