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= Protest laws = Protests are a formal declaration whereby a person expresses a personal objection or disapproval of an act. Protests can also be labelled as a civil resistance or non-violent resistance. Protest laws are laws created by state or federal governments to restrict the act of protests whilst also protecting those who participate in protest. Protest laws do not exist internationally, although the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights mentions the right of peaceful assembly, “The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognised. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those imposed in the conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order, the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. ”In circumstances where peaceful assembly may infringe on democratic society, laws are then put in place to restrict the act of protest.

Forms of protest laws
There are a variety of protest laws that exist, each having a different form and designated place in the law. Internationally, protest laws can exist at the state or federal level, according to the country they are created in. Both state and federal laws can be used in the act of protest under criminal codes. Specifically in the circumstances of trespass and public assembly law is used to counteract protests.

Protest laws in Australia
In Australia, there is a judicial recognition of the right to peaceful assembly. At the federal level protests laws are constituted under the Attorney-General of Australia's power. Within Australia, at the federal level there is a right to freedom of expression with the conditions that this does not; cause derogation, affect the reputation of others, cause harm to national security or incite violence.

At the state level laws are constituted by individual state governments and can vary largely. In Australia, there are various states that have a large amount of legislation surrounding protest laws. These states include the Australian Capital Territory, Queensland and Western Australia. In the states of Queensland and Western Australia mining is a large industry that is often met with protests and public demonstration. Therefore within these states there is a larger amount of legislation relating to protests than in other areas of Australia. Additionally, as the Australian Capital Territory holds the capital of Australia, Canberra, protests have to be carefully regulated.

Protection of Persons and Property Act 1971
The Protection of Persons and Property Act 1971, states the application of the law in circumstances where public assembly or protest in conducted on protected land or against a protected person. The act details how certain occasions of public protest could cause occasion for arrest or legal action to be taken. Clause 8 of the act states ;

Where there is an assembly consisting of not less than twelve persons in a Territory and:

(a)  persons taking part in the assembly have conducted themselves in a way that has caused a member of a Police Force of the rank of Sergeant or above reasonably to apprehend that the assembly will be carried on in a manner involving unlawful physical violence to persons or unlawful damage to property;

(b)   the assembly is being carried on in a manner involving such unlawful violence or damage; a member of a Police Force of the rank of Sergeant or above may give a direction under this section.

Trespass on territory land act 1932
Australian protest law is not necessarily direct, rather legislation surrounding the place protests may occur are evident. The Trespass on Territory Land Act 1932, dictates that if a person in any circumstance regardless of protest or not, is to be on territory land they will occur 5 penalty units from the state. This affects protests, as certain locations become inaccessible for demonstration.

ACT Protest Laws
In Australia’s Capital Territory, protests are allowed dependent on the location the protest is being conducted. Different areas of the state are graded according to whether or not they require permits from the National Capital Authority or the Territory government for protests to be held. These different permissions are required for protest within the Australian capital as parliamentary zones and diplomatic areas are located within the ACT. For approval of protests by the National Capital Authority in parliamentary and diplomatic zones, a protest works plan must first be submitted. Furthermore, if a protest is to occur there are strict guidelines in place, to enhance public safety and facilitate fair access to public domains. Some of the guidelines include; participants should arrive and depart from the location in an orderly manner, vehicles must not be used within the parliamentary precincts as part of the protest and participants must observe lawful directions issued by parliamentary security, Australian Federal Police or Australian Protective Service officers. Failure to obey these guidelines will result in arrest.

QLD Protest Laws
Queensland follows the federal legislation Australia has created on protests and demonstrations whilst also having laws at the state level. Any public assembly or demonstration needs to give notice to the local police force five working days prior to the assembly being held. Opposition to the assembly will only occur if the demonstration will dispute the law. In Queensland the Peaceful Assembly Act allows the right for protests to be held and will only be restricted if public safety, public order or the protection of rights and freedoms is infringed.

Western Australia Protest Laws
Within Western Australia there is distinct legislation that prohibits certain types of protests from occurring. These prohibitions are highlighted within the Criminal Code Amendment (Prevention of Lawful Activity) Bill. The act illustrates that a protest can be considered illegal or have its members involved arrested in the circumstances of trespass and intent to cause harm.