User:CaitlinMarie59/sandbox

Article Evaluation: Reverse Sexism

 * Stub in working against discrimination category and gender studies need more on that, add details
 * Lacks neutrality in some areas, specifically the subcategory that is titled, "Examples of Reverse Sexism", also a suggestion for "Alleged" to be added to the subheading because of the illegitimacy of the examples given
 * Suggestions to merge the topic of reverse sexism with reverse discrimination
 * Needs much better sources
 * The title of the article as a whole could be a lot better, less broad but still open for a little interpretation
 * ".. because discrimination against males is often unnoticed and considered less important than female discrimination" seems a little bias to me (come back to this one)
 * More background on the introduction of the term reverse sexism and how it's been supported or said to be supported by the feminist movement // link feminist movement background

6 Wiki Sources for Reverse Sexism

 * Wasserstrom, Richard. Today's Moral Problems. Macmillan Publishing, 1975. New York, New York.
 * Launius, Christie. Hassel, Holly. Threshold Concepts in Women's and Gender Studies: Ways of Seeing, Thinking, and Knowing. 2nd ed. Routledge, 2018. New York, New York.
 * Synnott, Anthony. Re-Thinking Men: Heroes, Villains and Victims. Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2009. Surrey, England.
 * "Reverse Sexism? Not to Worry". The American Journal of Bioethics. 1.1 (2001): 15-18. Print.
 * Hood, Jane C. Men, Work, and Family. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1993. Print.
 * Sargent, Seymour H. "Sexism & Reverse-Sexism in the Periodicals Room." Library Journal. 111.18 (1986). Print.

Drafting

 * Added link to sexism
 * Added link to reverse racism
 * Added to definition of sexism to make it sound more neutral
 * Fixed 2nd citation (still needs to be fixed, again)
 * Added link to ethnocentrism
 * Added link to feminism
 * Added link to feminist movement
 * Added definition of patriarchy and background being symptoms of patriarchy and its inevitable influence on 'reverse sexism'

Multiple experts and academics have questioned whether "reverse sexism" exists. Steve Bearman, Neill Korobov, and Avril Thorne, for example, argue that reverse sexism is not a "meaningful phrase," because "while individual women or women as a whole may enact prejudicial biases towards specific men or toward men as a group, this is done so without the backing of a societal system of institutional power." According to professors Özlem Sensoy and Robin DiAngelo, reverse sexism does not exist, because the word "sexism" refers to "power relations that are historic and embedded, and these relations do not flip back and forth" and because "the same groups who have historically held systemic power in the US and Canada continue to do so." The argument against reverse sexism derives from the existence of patriarchy, which is the system that most societies are built off of. Patriarchy can be defined as, a social organization expounded by the hierarchy of sexes with males being the dominant sex both institutionally and with inheritance. In a broader sense, a patriarch is domination by males. The emergence of reverse sexism is a symptom of patriarchy at work, i.e. a retaliation against feminism.

History of Reverse Sexism
The concept of reverse sexism first was documented during the 1960s at the same time as the emergence of the women’s liberation and feminist movements. A men’s liberation movement was formed, led by psychologists who argued that femininity and masculinity were socially formed behaviors and not the result of genes. The men’s liberation movement tried to balance the two ideas that men were responsible for oppressing women, but also being oppressed themselves by strict gender roles. However, in the mid 1970s the movement began to focus on the oppression of men and less on the effects of sexism on women. This shift was influenced by author Warren Farrell, who wrote “The Myth of Male Power.” He emphasized how male gender roles disadvantaged men by forbidding them from being seen as caring or having emotion. In the 1980s a new men’s rights movement began to form which focused only on the ways that sex roles discriminated against men rather than the oppression which it inflicted on both genders. Author Herb Goldberg claimed that the U.S. was a “matriarchal society” because women allegedly have the power to transgress gender roles and assume masculine and feminine roles, while men are still constrained to the purely masculine role.

In the workplace
There have been many interviews done on male nurses, many of them claiming that on several occasions they are mistaken for doctors. And when they are noticed or recognized as nurses, they are mocked or made of fun of with jokes that present nursing as something that can only be considered feminine. It has also been said that people think of males as being emotionally inferior to females, that they lack the capability of really caring which is a main characteristic of an ideal nurse. Male modeling is also a good example of reverse sexism in the workplace. Recent studies have shown that the wage gape between male and female models is extreme. In 2013 the world's highest paid female model, Gisele Bundchen made around $44,000,000, while highest paid male model, Sean O'Pry made only $1,500,000.

Court systems

 * Following divorce men often face troublesome alimony payments even if where their ex-spouses are capable of working and earning a substantial income. Along with alimony, after divorce less then 10% of men in the United States receive custody of their children. Court sentencing happens to pose as a big problem in reverse sexism. Men are 9 times more likely to be convicted and tried as guilty for a crime than women. It has also been found that men receive prison sentences that are 63% higher than their average female counterparts.

Sexual violence
According to South African philosopher and academic author, David Benatar, men are also frequent victims of domestic violence and sexual assault. Yet it is rarely taken seriously by society on the both micro and macro levels because of the prevailing attitudes towards men. A recent study on sexual harassment in the U.S. prison system concluded that sexual coercion rates for males was 22% while for females it was only 7%.

Societal norms
David Benatar discusses state policies and social norms that mainly encourage men to join the military, it is often assumed that it is the males job to act in combat and be the "protector". The idea that men are fearless, have a high pain tolerance, and should keep their emotions/feelings to themselves has proven to cause millions of men to dir or suffer both physically and psychologically.