User:CaitlynCavalllaro/Police corruption/Bibliography

'''Ivković, Sanja Kutnjak; Klockars, Carl; Cajner-Mraović, Irena; Ivanušec, Dražen (2002). "Controlling Police Corruption: The Croatian Perspective". Police Practice and Research'''

“Controlling Police Corruption: The Croatian Perspective” is an 18-page short novel that takes readers through the history of Croatia. Specifically how its corruption landed a spiral effect to more intense corruption. There were many studies and surveys conducted to see just how much corruption was truly happening in Croatia. 44% of survey takers stated that they had to pay a bribe to the police, which is apparently very common. Authors suggest that this is not all the corruption and there is still more that citizens were not telling them. This piece was quoted heavily throughout the Wikipedia Article “Police Corruption”, it was quoted 8 times throughout this article. This article has a whole mini-section dedicated to Croatia and within this section alone “Controlling Police Corruption: The Croatian Perspective” was referenced three times. Within the Croatia sections there's a subsection named “Controlling”, and it states that an official law was passed because of all the corruption that occurred within Croatia. The short novel was used by Wikipedians to further their information within the Croatia section of the article, and they quoted many good lines from within the novel. The Wikipedians also did further research of laws and bills that were passed regarding the corruption within Croatia, which was good. To my surprise, even though it was quoted so heavily; this short-novel was not found within the further readings section of the Wikipedia article. Since this short-novel needed to be accessed through the Campbell library database, it is likely quoted by both students and professors of Rowan; for this I can conclude the information found within it to be factual.

'''"Corruption Continues". The Vienna Review. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.'''

This article from The Vienna Review, digs deep into hungarian’s corruption history. Interestingly enough, it doesn’t just discuss police corruption; but also everyday life corruption. It was stated that ⅓ of businesses bribed politicians so they did not have to pay their business taxes, and nothing was stopping them. Corruption seemed to be the norm for Hungary businesses and it was going to be a long road to fixing all of them. It was very hard to prove these corrupt activities, because they were done by such high-level employees who knew how to cover their tracks well. The article slightly brings up how it's so difficult for officers to stay clean of corruption and that very few have not been dirty. One individual even tried to investigate some activities and was very quickly shut down by officials. This article was quoted heavily throughout the “Hungary” section of the Wikipedia article. In this section, I was interested to find out that “nearly 70% of the Hungarian population wouldn’t report corruption because of genuine fear for their lives”. Hungary is a corrupt society and is showing no signs of advancements to become better.

'''Fibbsgibbon, Will; Chavkin, Sara (6 February 2014). “Worlds "Least Corrupt" Nations Fail to Bribery Abroad". International Consort of Investigative Journalism. The Global Muckraker'''

This article goes through the supposed “least corrupt nations” and investigates their foreign exchange trades. More times than not, these countries were found to have some corruption within their foreign affairs. Denmark was considered one of the least corrupt countries throughout the world, but there were serious concerns about their lack of enforcement of bribery offenses. After further looking into Denmark, they were able to find 13 allegations of bribery that were quickly shut down and never further investigated. The article also takes readers through the histories of Sweden, Finland, and Luxembourg. Throughout all these countries, they were found to have been hiding plenty of information just to make themselves look good. This article was quoted in the “Luxembourg” section of the Wikipedia article, where they talk about how an amendment was passed in regards to the corruption of Luxembourg. There's also now a hotline to submit reports of corruption and it is now a good form of anti-corruption. It was also quoted within the “Malta” section as well, where Wikipedians talked about how the Malta Police Force is the main law enforcement authority within Malta. Which means that there's no other officials to check these officers, this can lead to all sorts of corruption.

'''Punch, M. (2013). "Police Corruption: Exploring Police Deviance and Crime". (n.p.): Taylor & Francis.'''

I am only able to access the first 33 pages out of 256 pages. Since this is such a long book, I am only honing in on Chapter 1 which is the introduction. It seems as though bribery tends to be the most common form of police corruption. In a study described by this book, men were asked to perform dirty work and see who would perform the actions and who wouldn’t. Excessive amounts of corruption within a specific police department will lead to “system failure”; thus needing to revamp the department. The book eventually takes readers through plenty of police corruption cases, from several different countries. Plenty of people may think that corruption only occurs within the US, but it can occur anywhere. The book examples and defines the two concepts of policing: official paradigm and operational code. Official paradigm is “shaped to bolster institutional values; and operational code is how things are really supposed to be done. A person's institutional values can cause one to deviate from the normal ways of operation. I would like to quote these two points within the actual wikipedia article, mostly because the article doesn’t go into the mentality of someone who would be corrupt. I think understanding the officers' decision and mindset that accompanied the acts of corruption. This book was found on Google Books, so it's crucial I fact-check. Upon searching for Maurine Punch on Google Scholar, there are over 44,000 results of books and researches she’s been involved in.

'''Police corruption-A perspective on its nature and control. (n.d.).'''

Discusses how the whole justice system has risks for corruption, not just policing. This is an exciting approach to take, and I have not seen this discussed so heavily in another article thus far. I am hoping to bring this insight into the Wikipedia article, and show how it's not just police. Corruption within police departments leads to: public mistrust, and diminished control of officers. These issues make it increasingly difficult for the department to comeback and revamp to become uncorrupt. The introduction discusses how if these other government departments experience corruption and it being more widely talked about, it would take the microscope off of police corruption. By doing so, police corruption would seem tiny in comparison. The best way for departments to combat corruption is to look at their strengths and weaknesses; then see how they can use their strengths to their advantage. Another advantage is being able to identify the problem and finding ways to combat it. I think that this source has some valuable and new ideas that could be used in the Wikipedia article. This is a new perspective within corruption, thus making it a little harder to be fact checked. This article was peer reviewed and found within the Campbell Library database.

'''IMDb.com. (2023, March 10). "I got A monster". IMDb.'''

I loved this movie, I originally watched it for my criminal justice class; this assignment is now giving me another reason to talk about it. This movie takes viewers through a phase of the Baltimore City Police Department when the hired gun trace task force performed intense amounts of corruption. The officers would make fake arrests, by planting evidence within cars and stealing money from within their houses. The “leader” of the group, Officer Jenkinson, is such a corrupt officer, and seeing the things that he was doing was absolutely sickening. The officers would find innocent people within their cars, pull them over for unknown reasons; then plant drugs and guns within their cars to file for arrests. They would then make the innocent individuals take them to their homes to search for “more” illegal things; to which they would search through their safes and private closets. In one clip of the movie, the officers found an entire stash of money, to which they turned off their body cams; they stole money. They then proceeded to turn their body cams back on to show the money and that they thought the individual being arrested stole it. The amount of times they were able to do this to innocent people is absolutely insane, it took the officials and higher ups to realize what was actually happening. Officer Jenkinson was getting praised for his “arrests”, and little did these people know that he should’ve been getting reprimanded not praised.

'''Campeau, H. (2015). “POLICE CULTURE” AT WORK: MAKING SENSE OF POLICE OVERSIGHT.British Journal of Criminology, 55(4), 669–687.'''

This article takes readers through the different cultures of police. Instead of people relying solely on their internalized values, there's been a huge shift to people more focused on societal and cultural influences that affect decisions more. Departments are also going through a huge shift of heightened accountability and magnification of wrongdoing through social media. A major study was conducted in Canada, and found just how differently officers react in different situations. This can lead to many different issues because if one officer is more lenient in a situation than another, the citizens will pick up on that and misuse the officer's leniency. The shift in police actions is not necessarily a bad thing though, as society changes; so should the ways to protect it. Over the last 25 years, police departments have shifted from just largely fighting crime to more community based activities. More so now, officers are spending more time getting to know citizens and making connections, rather than apprehending them. I think this shift is so interesting, is it just because there's less crime or have studies been conducted that show citizens need more community involvement with officers? I hope to use this information within the Wikipedia article to shine some light on the fact that officers are trying to make connections, and that all officers are not corrupt. This article can be fact-checked pretty easily, there are corresponding studies linked throughout and they quote phrases directly from the studies. This was published by the Oxford Academic and I found it within the Campbell Library database.

'''Smith Lee, J. R., & Robinson, M. A. (2019). “‘[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095798419865152 That’s My Number One Fear in Life. It’s the Police’: Examining Young Black Men’s Exposures to Trauma and Loss Resulting From Police Violence and Police Killings].” Journal of Black Psychology, 45(3), 143–184.'''

This article was published by the Association of Black Psychologists, and has an impact factor of 5.2. It suggests/argues/etc that Black men are more targeted by police than anyone else. Forty young black men were interviewed on their experiences with police in Baltimore, Maryland. These men were all victims of police violence at young ages and embodied the criteria for trauma exposure, especially racial trauma. Racially discriminating people as a police officer is in no right good, this may not seem like corruption but it definitely is.. “Between the years of 2010 and 2014, Black males aged 10 years and older were nearly three times more likely to die as a result of police violence than their White counterparts”. I am hoping to use this direct quote within the Wikipedia article to quote and show just how much race affects how officers react and act in situations. Within the behavior section of the Wikipedia article, it briefly mentions racism, but I think adding an entire section dedicated to racism in the article will help validate those who have been affected by police racism.

'''Count, C. (2020). "Policy proposals target police racism, violence: NH efforts include oversight, transparency and training". New Hampshire Business Review, 42(12), 1-.'''

This article was published in June of 2020, so the height of the Black Lives Matter fight. This is in response to all the recent violence from people in power against those of color. George Floyd’s death was caused by an officer knelt on his neck for almost nine minutes; Floyd is a black man, and the officer that was harming him was a white male. There are now so many different proposals in place to combat racism within police departments; one being civilian oversight with the departments. These are completely voluntary and are not a required law for departments. Another mode of combat would be redistricting the use of force for officers. Last being more transparency in investigations of police misconduct. In 2020 there was a bill passed to require officers to go through psychological screenings and drug testings, to ensure everyone on duty was sober and mentally well enough to be working. I may not use this source within Wikipedia, it doesn’t really benefit any of the sections. This was published by Yankee Publishing and was found within the Campbell Library database. Yankee Publishing had a high rating on the factual scale by Media Bias Fact Check.

'''Opinion | hiring more female officers can help fix police - the ... (n.d.).'''

Police departments are struggling to find individuals to hire, they went from receiving hundreds of applicants, to very few. This is because of the new standards of accountability and too much social media perspective on how officers should act. The stigma around racism and officers has been blown out of proportion because of social media as well. Departments are being forced to keep corrupt cops, because there's no one else to take their position in the force. The article goes into how women are better officers than men, but way too many flunk out of the academy. Women need to work harder in order to pass the test, instead of being able to pass as easily as men. “Only about 12 percent of sworn officers and 3 percent of police leadership in the United States are women.” I am hoping to use this quote within the Wikipedia article, to show just how women are not being represented. By making departments inclusive, individuals will respect them more. This article was posted on The Washington Post, as said by All Sides; is left-leaning and pretty factual.

'''Female officers change police culture in chief Ken Clary’s ... (n.d.-a).'''

Wrigley, a woman officer in Nebraska, was hired alongside a few others to reduce misconduct and violence within the department. This department is way ahead of others in regards to modernizing the police force, and ensuring all voices are heard: women and black individuals.After the George Floyd incident, officers and departments are struggling to find any hirees. By making Nebraska's department more welcoming and equal, they are seeing a rise in applicants; even those from other states. I would like to use this source in the Wikipedia article, by adding a section that focuses on the reconstruction and inclusiveness of police departments to combat corruption. I think that by showing readers how a department has already achieved this, readers can see how departments are trying to become better; but with the lack of people to hire, it's a bit of a struggle. This article was posted on The Washington Post, as said by All Sides; is left-leaning and pretty factual.

'''Haake, U. (2018). "Conditions for gender equality in police leadership - making way for senior police women". Police Practice & Research, 19(3), 241–252.'''

This article takes readers through a 28 officer study conducted in Sweden, they were asked questions about gender perspectives. Sweden needs to become an inclusive community, and needs to make a few adjustments to accommodate. “Approximately 25% of leaders at all levels are women, and only 19% of leaders in sworn police areas are women”, this shows just how undiverse the police departments are. In relation to other countries, only 9% of police are women; which needs to be changed. Women and minorities should not only be represented as officers, but also as leaders. Some of the elected officials should be inclusive and representative. A department cannot have all white males as leaders and expect the department to be viewed as inclusive. This was published by An International Journal, and was found through the Campbell Library database; thus proving credibility.

'''Schuck, A. M., & Rabe-Hemp, C. (2005)."Women Police: The Use of Force by and Against Female Officers". Women & Criminal Justice, 16(4), 91–117.'''

Women police officers tend to use less for than men, and seem to be a little more patient when it comes to the apprehension of a criminal. Unfortunately, indicated citizens use more force when present with a female officer, than opposed to a male officer. Though females tend to use less force, that does not necessarily mean that more female officers are being injured, which is good. Though women are starting to integrate into the police force, which has been a male-dominated occupation; there is very little research on women police officers. “The authors hypothesized that men and women perform their policing duties differently and that police departments should recruit and hire “more women as a strategy to reduce problems of excessive force” (Lonsway, Wood, Flickling et al., 2002, p. 2)”. I would use this within the Wikipedia article, to prove how departments should try to hire more female and minorities officers to ensure there is no extra use of force. This was published on Taylor & Travis Online and found within the Campbell Library. On the Taylor & Francis website, they said that “our mission is to support, validate and connect the work of researchers and other knowledge makers, so that it can make the fullest possible contribution”, showing that they are reporting information that should be factual.