User:Caleedenman/Phoronis

First data on the structure of tubes formed by phoronids


 * Benthic organisms that live on soft sediment or hard substrate
 * Live in tubes produced by epidermal glands formed by digging or boring that are fully imbedded
 * Tube has external layer and inner organic cylinder
 * Inner cylinder has three layers: inner, middle, outer films (thin)
 * Films formed by fibers that create net

Novel data on the innervation of the lophophore in adult phoronids (Lophophorata, Phoronida)


 * Nervous system includes a dorsal ganglion, a tentacle nerve ring, an inner nerve ring, intertentacular groups of perikarya, and tentacle nerves
 * Tentacles have abfrontal, frontal, and laterofrontal nerves

Documenting neotropical diversity of phoronids with DNA barcoding of planktonic larvae


 * Larvae - actinotrochs
 * morphologies: pigmentation, arrangement of blood masses, etc

Myoanatomy of the lophophore in adult phoronids and the evolution of the phoronid lophophore


 * Basic structure of a lophophore
 * Circular muscle
 * Longitudinal muscles of the tentacular lamina
 * Groups of paired distal muscles of the tentacular lamina
 * Frontal and abfrontal muscles of the tentacles
 * Lophophore has evolved over time from simple oval to more complex structure (horseshoe or spiral shape)

A Microsporidian Infection in Phoronids (Phylum Phoronida): Microsporidium phoronidi n. sp. from a Phoronis embryolabi


 * Microsporidium are parasitic in phoronids

Oogenesis in the viviparous phoronid, Phoronis embryolabi


 * Different levels of parental care
 * Benthic adults and lecithotrophic larvae (except one with creeping lecithotrophic larvae)
 * Development occurs in the water column in six species
 * Embryos raised between tentacles of adults in other species
 * Two species have embryos incubated in mother's tube
 * Viviparity where embryos are incubated in the trunk coelom to produce feeding actinotroch larvae
 * Egg size and development type are related

Draft: Phoronis
(Original article explaining phoronis). Add:


 * These organisms are benthic and they live on hard substrates or soft sediments in marine environments.
 * Expand more on each section
 * Tie in microsporidium, link to wiki page?
 * Look at Emig sources (1982)

Tube
The horseshoe worms live in tubes that are fully imbedded in the soil and are formed during digging or boring. The tubes are produced by the worm's epidermal glands. These tubes have an inner organic cylinder and an outer layer. The inner layer is composed of three parts: the inner film, middle film, and outer film. These thin films are composed of fibers from the worms that form nets that make up these tubes.

Nervous System
These worms have a nervous system that is comprised of a dorsal ganglion, a tentacle nerve ring, an inner nerve ring, intertentacular groups of perikarya, and tentacle nerves. These tentacles nerves have three groups: abfrontal, frontal, and laterofrontal.

Embryos
Generally, Phoronis species have benthic adults with lecithotrophic larvae. These species incubate their embryos in various ways. Some species release their embryos into the water column and they develop there. In other species, embryos are incubated among the tentacles of the adult worms. Recently, it was discovered that some species even exhibit viviparity, where the embryos are incubated in the coelom of their mother's tube and the "hatch" to produce feeding actinotroch larvae. There is a correlation between egg size and development type: allowing embryos into the water column to develop takes less energy and can therefore produce more eggs. Incubating in the tube's coelom takes more energy so less eggs are produced.

Larvae
The lecithotrophic larvae, given the name actinotroch, are pelagic and float in the water column. This allows for wider dispersal of species. The larvae have also developed different morphologies over time such as differing pigmentation and arrangement of blood masses.

Lophophore
The lophophore structure has evolved from a simple, oval shape to the horseshoe shape from which the worms get their name, even into a complex spiral structure.