User:Calfux/sandbox/englishinternational

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International English is the concept of the English language as a global means of communication in numerous dialects, and also the movement towards an international standard for the language. It is also referred to as Global English, World English, Common English, Continental English, General English, or Globish.

Sometimes, "international English" and the related terms above refer to a desired standardisation, however, there is no consensus on the path to this goal. There have been many proposals for making International English more accessible to people from different nationalities. Basic English is an example, but it failed to make progress. More recently, there have been proposals for English as a lingua franca(ELF) in which non-native speakers take a highly active role in the development of the language. It has also been argued that International English is held back by its traditional spelling. There has been slow progress in adopting alternate spellings.

Contents

 * 1Historical context
 * 2English as a global language
 * 3English as a lingua franca in foreign language teaching
 * 3.1Basic Global English
 * 4Varying concepts
 * 4.1Universality and flexibility
 * 4.2Neutrality
 * 4.3Opposition
 * 4.4Appropriation theory
 * 4.5Many Englishes
 * 4.6Dual standard
 * 5See also
 * 6Notes
 * 7References

English as a global language[edit]
See also: World Englishes

Need to make reference to Crystal's book - and the reasons he gives for the spread of English as a global language and then also critiques of it - then link to Kachru - and his circles which is different, it is more about varieties of English, and in both cases need to look at opposition to their theories

Braj Kachru divides the use of English into three concentric circles.

The inner circle is the traditional base of English and includes countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland and the anglophone populations of the former British colonies of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and various islands of the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.

In the outer circle are those countries where English has official or historical importance ("special significance"). This includes most of the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations (the former British Empire), including populous countries such as India, Pakistan, and Nigeria; and others, such as the Philippines, under the sphere of influence of English-speaking countries. Here English may serve as a useful lingua franca between ethnic and language groups. Higher education, the legislature and judiciary, national commerce, and so on, may all be carried out predominantly in English.

The expanding circle refers to those countries where English has no official role, but is nonetheless important for certain functions, e.g. international business and tourism. By the twenty-first century, non-native English speakers have come to outnumber native speakers by a factor of three, according to the British Council. Darius Degher, a professor at Malmö University in Sweden, uses the term decentered English to describe this shift, along with attendant changes in what is considered to be important to English users and learners.

Research on English as a lingua franca in the sense of "English in the Expanding Circle" is comparatively recent. Linguists who have been active in this field are Jennifer Jenkins, Barbara Seidlhofer, Christiane Meierkord and Joachim Grzega.