User:Callinus/tmp

The Northern Triangle is a term used to refer to Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala. The term was used to describe the countries in a 1992 trade deal, and in 2001 Mexico signed the Free Trade Agreement with the Northern Triangle.

The term "Northern Triangle" is frequently used to describe migrant movement from the three countries, during the 2014 American immigration crisis.

https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/15/remarks-vice-president-northern-triangle-conference

https://www.dhs.gov/news/2017/06/15/remarks-vice-president-mike-pence-northern-triangle-conference

http://www.coha.org/alliance-for-prosperity-plan-in-the-northern-triangle-not-a-likely-final-solution-for-the-central-american-migration-crisis/

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/03/03/fact-sheet-support-alliance-prosperity-northern-triangle https://editorials.voa.gov/a/in-northern-triangle-reducing-crime-is-the-first-step/2717960.html https://editorials.voa.gov/a/boosting-security-prosperity-northern-triangle/3917795.html

https://www.usaid.gov/documents/1862/return-and-reintegration-northern-triangle-program

https://muse.jhu.edu/article/614519

http://clas.berkeley.edu/research/central-america-migrants-or-refugees http://www.panoramas.pitt.edu/news-and-politics/violence-northern-triangle-stands-out-2017-armed-conflict-survey http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/news/081516.AB-LatinAmericaWorkingGroup.pdf http://journal.georgetown.edu/central-americas-unaccompanied-minors-shared-problem-shared-solution/

https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Organized%20Crime%20in%20Central%20America%20The%20Northern%20Triangle%2C%20Report%20on%20the%20Americas%20%2329%20DRAFT.PDF

http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/138/Sample_Experience_Track_Essay.pdf

http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/Articles/Drugs-and-violence-in-the-Northern-Triangle

https://www.wola.org/analysis/five-facts-about-migration-from-central-americas-northern-triangle/

Public shaming of adulterers was a common form of judicial corporal punishment in past centuries that has died out in countries that outlaw cruel and unusual punishment.
 * madison


 * salw

Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) is a category of weapons that are at high risk of illicit trafficking and sales. Small arms and light weapons are used in conflicts around the world, causing injury and death. Small arms and light weapons are the main military technology used by rebel groups and warlords who are prevented from purchasing military equipment. Weapons control bodies around the world have differing levels of reporting requirements over record keeping and shipment tracing, with some relying on outdated means, leading to military shipments of SALW being diverted or lost.

Small arms and light weapons are defined in international arms control protocols to refer to two main classes of weapons:


 * Small arms: hand-held small caliber firearms, usually consisting of handguns, rifles, shotguns, manual, semi-automatic, and full automatic weapons and man-portable machineguns.


 * Light weapons: Includes a wide range of medium-caliber and explosive ordnance, including man-portable and vehicle-mounted antipersonnel, antitank and antiaircraft rockets, missiles, grenade launchers, rocket launchers, landmines, antiaircraft guns, mortars, hand grenades and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), and so on.

The definition of Small arms and light weapons forms the basis of the UN's arms control treaties. The U.S. Army describes Small arms and light weapons as having "potential use in civil disturbances and are vulnerable to theft." The OSCE and the OAS (CIFTA) have protocols against the illicit manufacture and trafficking of Small arms and light weapons. A NATO report states that "The illicit proliferation of SALW can fuel and prolong armed violence and support illegal activities and the emergence of violent groups. Access to illicit SALW contributes to the development of terrorism, organised crime, human trafficking, gender violence and piracy; and the diversion of weapons is closely linked to corruption and poor management practices."

SALW proliferation
The Small Arms Survey, an independent research project based in Switzerland, said in its 2003 report that at least 1,134 companies in 98 countries worldwide are involved in some aspect of the production of small arms and ammunition. The largest exporters of small arms by value are the European Union and the United States.

In 2010, the number of countries exporting at least $100 million of small arms annually rose from 12 to 14. The exporters' list was led by the U.S., followed by Italy, Germany, Brazil, Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Russia, South Korea, Belgium, China, Turkey, Spain and the Czech Republic. Sweden dropped off the list because its exports fell from $132 million in 2010 to $44 million in 2011.

In addition, massive exports of small arms by the U.S. (M16), the former Soviet Union (AKM), People's Republic of China (Type 56), Germany (H&K G3), Belgium (FN FAL), and Brazil (FN FAL) during the Cold War took place commercially and to support ideological movements. These small arms have survived many conflicts and many are now in the hands of arms dealers or smaller governments who move them between conflict areas as needed.

Diverted shipments
Some countries that are members of international arms control treaties send consignments of weapons to one country, where the weapons are then diverted by an arms trafficker and sold to rebel groups.

Conflict Armament Research, a private arms-tracking organization, has concluded that ISIL military forces are using ammunition of United States and Chinese manufacture. According to CAR, these are most likely munitions transferred by the U.S. and Chinese governments to regional actors for use against ISIL troops which are being captured as local forces disintegrate. A U.S. Department of Defense Inspector-General report concluded that the U.S. had lost track of nearly 250,000 small arms that were provided to the security forces of Afghanistan; some of this quantity may have made its way into ISIS hands. In addition to small arms and ammunition, heavy equipment is frequently or often of American manufacture. Over a six-week period in late summer and early fall, the U.S. Air Force destroyed at least three dozen U.S.-made Humvees being operated by ISIL, which were originally donated by the U.S. to the Iraqi army.

Tracing
The European Union funds programs to trace weapons that are used in conflict areas by rebel groups and non-uniformed military groups, which violate arms embargoes. The Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs funds research and development of "a global reporting mechanism on illicit small arms and light weapons and other illicit conventional weapons and ammunition to reduce the risk of their illicit trade "

Conflict Armament Research has evaluated stamps on assault rifles, ammunition and RPGs acquired by militia groups in the Central African Republic conflict, finding that some small arms were produced in Sudan, Iran and China. Séléka forces had Belgian, Czech, and UK ammunition manufactured in 2007–10, and Chinese manufactured RPG rounds. Chinese produced 82mm HEAT rounds were consigned to the Military Industry Corporation's Yarmouk complex. Chinese-manufactured grenades used by Anti-balaka forces appear to have been intended to be shipped to Nepal. Anti-balaka forces use 12-gauge shotgun shells manufactured in Spain, Italy, and Cameroon. The report finds that Chinese made Type 82-2 hand grenades can be bought for under US $1 dollar, making them cheaper than a bottle of Coca-Cola.

United Nations efforts
Work on SALW via the United Nations is coordinated by the Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), though the UN Coordinating Action on Small Arms (CASA) mechanism, which comprises 21 UN departments and agencies working on different aspects of small arms and light weapons control. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), carries out research in arms control affairs and has published many articles and books related to small arms and light weapons.

On 2 April 2013, the UN General Assembly voted overwhelmingly to adopt the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) to govern the sale, stockpiling and trafficking of many types of weapons, from warships and aircraft to small arms and light weapons. The treaty opened for signature on 3 June 2013. By October 2013, over half the member states had signed the treaty (116 states), though only 11 member states had as yet ratified it.

SALW regimes and control organizations
Many other related governmental bodies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also work on SALW control, major examples being IANSA, Saferworld and the Control Arms Campaign.

Regional and sub-regional organizations working on SALW control include the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, African Union, ECCAS, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Southern African Development Community, Andean Community, CARICOM, MERCOSUR, Organization of American States (OAS), European Union, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, ASEAN, the League of Arab States, and the Pacific Islands Forum.

United Nations
According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the international framework on firearms is composed of three main instruments: the Firearms Protocol, the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (Programme of Action, or PoA) and the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument, or ITI), where only the Firearms Protocol is legally binding.

The ITI, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 8 December 2005, defines small arms and light weapons as:

"any man-portable lethal weapon that expels or launches, is designed to expel or launch, or may be readily converted to expel or launch a shot, bullet or projectile by the action of an explosive, excluding antique small arms and light weapons or their replicas. Antique small arms and light weapons and their replicas will be defined in accordance with domestic law. In no case will antique small arms and light weapons include those manufactured after 1899:

(a) “Small arms” are, broadly speaking, weapons designed for individual use. They include, inter alia, revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines, sub-machine guns, assault rifles and light machine guns;

(b) “Light weapons” are, broadly speaking, weapons designed for use by two or three persons serving as a crew, although some may be carried and used by a single person. They include, inter alia, general purpose or universal machine guns, medium machine guns, heavy machine guns, rifle grenades, under-barrel grenade launchers and mounted grenade launchers, portable anti-aircraft guns, portable anti-tank guns, recoilless rifles, man portable launchers of anti-tank missile and rocket systems, man portable launchers of anti-aircraft missile systems, and mortars of a calibre of less than 100 millimetres."

Such arms control policies and treaties are focused on international arms trafficking (importation and export), and in the standardization of laws, protocols and sharing of law enforcement information and best practices across nations to prevent illicit arms sales. They also focus on terrorism, arms proliferation as a humanitarian concern, disarmament in the face of extreme violence, and cases of ameliorating anarchy, civil war and international conflict. SALW provisions are generally not oriented towards imposing or enforcing domestic national or local legislation of legitimate gun ownership or sale.