User:CalmPeach/Listeria ivanovii

Lead
L. ivanovii's unique feature compared to most species in this genus is that it can ferment D-ribose. In 1955 Bulgaria, the first known isolation of this species was found from sheep. This species is facultatively anaerobic, which makes it possible for it to go through fermentation when there is oxygen depletion.

Table
Characteristics of Listeria ivanovii.

Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Listeria ivanovii are shown in the Table below. Note: + = Positive, - = Negative

Habitat
Listeria ivanovii can be found in the soil, water, feces, and several different types of food. Animals can get infected due to eating decomposed plants and feces from other infected animals.

Infectious/pathogenic character
Although L. ivanovii is most typically found in sheep, it can be passed to humans via food such as fresh cheese. Until 2010, this bacteria was thought to only infect ruminants (sheep), and its sister bacteria Listeria monocytogenus was blamed for infection of humans . A human infection because of L. ivanovii is rare, but serious. This bacteria infection is serious because L. ivanovii can continue to grow on foods in refrigerated conditions. If a person were to contract an infection from this bacteria, they would begin to develop mild flu-like symptoms that could potentially turn into more serious conditions such as septicemia(blood infection), meningitis, encephalitis, and [https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/pregnancy-complications/intrauterine-infection-chorioamnionitis#:~:text=Intrauterine%20infection%20is%20infection%20within%20the%20womb%2C%20which%2C,the%20umbilical%20cord%203%20and%2For%20the%20amniotic%20fluid. intrauterine infections] (an infection of the womb that can cause abortions). When a person is infected, that person has a 30% chance of death from this bacterial infection. The best way to avoid this infection, especially for those at risk (elderly, weakened immune systems, and pregnant women) is maintain a clean kitchen and to avoid foods such as unpasteurized milk, cheese made from unpasteurized milk, and raw fish.

Testing for the presence of this bacteria is often determined by testing fecal material. One difficulty of treating an infection of L. ivanovii is that is it generally resistant to "typical" antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin.

Replication
This specific species does not have very much research dedicated to it. However a species from the same genus (L. monocytogenes) has quite a bit of research. The Listeria genus can use a variety of molecules as an energy source such as glucose-6-phosphate, glycerol, and lipoate. With each of these different energy sources comes a different catabolic pathway. Once inside the host cell, the energy source determines the pathway and rate of replication.

Transformation
There's not much information on L. ivanovii. L. ivanovii can have transformation in a research setting using electrotransformation with a plasmid that uses ActA protein. The ActA protien is used, so that a recombinant plasmid can code the N-terminus regoin of the protein. To preform this a buffer must be used in order for electrotransformation to be preformed with L. ivanovii. (this is put in the article around 4 pm by Michal on 4/25)

Transformation happens when bacterial chormosomes and DNA are taken up from its enviroment, and some cells need electrotransformation in order for this to happen since it usually goes through the membrane without help of electroids. This is a way in which DNA of bacteria is shared or copied since it can be taken up from lysed cells or bacteria in the system.

Infomration on what we did

Michal:

Half the table (Around 14), lead and habitat, all the sources used for the text is found below, and for the table many sources were used such as:

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-34-3-336

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Zoonotic-Aspects-of-Listeria-monocytogenes-%3A-with-Parihar/e9b41161de178c477d012ba04d9c25282ceda489

http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfnr/4/7/4/index.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4875933/

L. Ivanovii conony characteristics are observed on nutrient agar plates or slants. The bacteria doesn't produce CO 2 for the Oxidase test. The Nitrate reductase test results in Nitrate not reducing to Nitrite, so it reduces to something other than this. Gelatin doesn't liquify/hydrolyzed, which would prove if the bacteria produces gelatinases. On a blood agar containing sheep or horse blood, the agar shows ß-hemolytic. (4/16, moved to wiki page around 8 pm)

Laniese made the original table, then I added in the information she had to the current table on this page with my work in it as well.

Laniese:

All infectious/pathogenic character, all replication, and half of the table (Around 14).

We moved all of this information into the "live article" a few weeks ago where it has been slightly edited.