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== Narcissistic Rage ==

History

Heinz Kohut was the first to coin the idea of narcissistic rage. His book “The analysis of the Self” in 1972 introduced the psychoanalytic concept as pertaining to narcissistic rage. His explanation of narcissistic rage and depression stated, “depressions are interrupted by rages because things are not going their way, because responses are not forthcoming in the way they expected and needed”. He went further to say that narcissists may even search for conflict to find a way to alleviate pain or suffering. (Kohut, 1971)

 Narcissistic Injury – The Cause of Rage

According to Kohut (1972), rages are a result of the shame at being faced with failure. Narcissistic Rage is the uncontrollable and unexpected anger that occurs due to a narcissistic injury. Narcissistic injury is a threat to a narcissist’s self-esteem or worth. Rage comes in many forms, but all pertain to the same importance thing, revenge. Narcissists thrive from a “narcissistic supply” which consists of compliments, admiration and attention. (Vaknin, 1999)

 Narcissistic Rage

Narcissistic Rages are based on fear and will go on and on even when the threat is gone. (Golomb, 1992)To the narcissist the rage is directed towards the person that they feel has slighted them, but to other people, the rage is incoherent and unjust. This rage impairs their cognition, therefore impairing their judgment. During the rage they are prone to shouting, fact distortion and making groundless accusations. It’s believed that narcissists have two layers of rage. The first layer of rage can be thought of as a constant anger (towards someone else), and the second layer being a self-aimed wrath. Two specific identified forms of narcissistic rage are explosive and passive-aggressive. The explosive form being an obvious anger, for example, damaging property (or people) and being verbally abusive. The passive-aggressive sort might be sulking or giving their target the silent treatment. (Vaknin, 1999) They can become enraged to the point of being homicidal especially if he/she has the need to seek revenge. (Stephens, 2006)

Perfectionism

Narcissism can be a considered a form of perfectionism. Narcissists often are perfectionists and require being the center of attention and create situations where they will receive attention. (Stephens, 2006) This attempt at being perfect is cohesive with the grandiose self-image that the narcissist has of their self. If a perceived state of perfection isn’t reached it can lead to guilt, shame or anxiety because he/she believes that they will lose the love and admiration from other people if they aren’t perfect. (Sorotzkin, 2005)

Resources

Golomb, Elan.(1992).Trapped in the Mirror: Adult Children of Narcissists in their Struggle for Self. Canada:Harper Collins.

Kohut, Heinz. (1972). Thoughts on narcissism and narcissistic rage. In The search for the self (Vol.2, pp. 615-658). New York: International Universities Press.

Kohut, Heinz. (1971). The analysis of the self: A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

Stephens, Laura. 2006. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Retrieved November 23, 2007 from http://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/narcissistic.html

Sorotzkin, Benzion. (2005). The Quest for Perfection: Avoiding Guilt or avoiding shame? Retrieved November 24, 2007 from http://www.drsorotzkin.com/quest_for_perfection.html

Vaknin, Sam. (2001). A Primer on Narcissism. Perspectives, 6, Retrieved November 22, 2007 from http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php/type/doc/id/420

Vaknin, Sam. (2007). The Intermittent Explosive Narcissist. Retrieved November 24, 2007. http://samvak.tripod.com/journal86.html

Wolf, Ernest. (2001). Group Helplessness and Rage. Retrieved November 24, 2007 from http://www.selfpsychology.com/papers/wolf_2001b_group_helplessness_and_rage.htm