User:Cameron Joey Koo/Zumurrud Khatun Mosque and Mausoleum

The Zumurrud Khatun Mosque and Mausoleum (جامع زمرد خاتون), also known as the Tomb of Sitta Zubayda, is a historic mosque and shrine located in Baghdad, Iraq. It dates back to the Abbasid era. It is located in Sheikh Maarouf Cemetery in the Karkh side of Baghdad. The site was built at the patronage of Zumurrud Khatun and her son. Zumurrud Khatun was mother of the 34th Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir, and wife of the 33rd Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustadi. She collected the waqf money from madrasas and built her mausoleum before her death, which is located in Karkh.

The building is covered by the distinct nine layered muqarnas dome capped by a small cupola. The minaret of the mosque is considered built during the time of Seljuq dynasty in 12th century, and it is considered the oldest surviving minaret in Baghdad. The building has robust construction made of bricks and plaster. There is also an attached library, and an adjoined Shafi'i madrasa. Due to the mosque being dominated by Hanafi maddhab, the extension to the north for Shafi'i maddhab was added, which is called Shafi'i Mosque.

The mosque is one of two historic mausoleums in Karkh. The other is the Sheikh Maruf Mosque.

History
By most accounts, Zamurrud Khatun is identified as a formerly-enslaved Turkish woman who became a prominent noblewoman during the Abbasid Caliphate. She rose to this position through multiple marriages, but most notable is her marriage to the Caliph Al-Mustadi. Zumurrud Khatun is also remembered as the mother of Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir. She is described as being a religious woman and an active patroness of architecture and public works. Her legacy as patroness was due to her restoration of public infrastructure and for building educational and funerary buildings. The Mosque and Mausoleum of Zumurrud Khatun were created at the commission of Al-Nasir and his mother before her death in 1202. After her death, she was laid to rest in the mausoleum following a funeral procession.

Zamurrud Khatun was also actively involved in the construction of a madrasa. Furthermore, she was also remembered by many as an active member in politics and Islamic religious policies, a generous person devoted to Islamic teachings and law, and various other aspects. For instance, she is in history for spending 300,000 dirhams to repair water supplies and cisterns during the pilgrimage.

The mausoleum's history as an attraction of the city of Baghdad dates back between the 8th and 13th century. During this Middle Age era, many people considered Baghdad the biggest city in the world, with a population of about 1.2 million. With its unique and sensational architectural display, the mausoleum of Zamurrud Khatum concurrently became famous alongside Baghdad city due to its strategic importance as a commercial, cultural, and intellectual center in the Islamic world. The conical dome of the mausoleum of Zamurrud Khatun was used as the last landmark to welcome travelers and merchants to the City of Baghdad.

The Building’s Plan and Space
The building features a nine-layered conically-shaped muqarnas roof topped off with a cupola. The inside room of the structure is about 3 meters long and about 7 meters wide. Beyond the entrance is a narrow staircase that leads to the grave room at the base of the minaret. The roofing system of the mausoleum originated in a period in Islamic art in the 11th and 12th centuries. Sources state that this type of mosque and mausoleum might have originated from Iraq although there are similar structures in locations around regions of Iran.

The Dome
The Mausoleum’s dome is made out of muqarnas, (also known as stalactite or honeycomb vaulting) one of the most original inventions of Islamic architecture which can appear in a variety of materials such as; stucco, brick, stone and wood. Which can be applied in multiple architectural forms like; cornices, corbelled transitions, capitals, vaults, and domes, such as the dome that is part of the Zumurrud Khatun Mosque. Brick vaults and domes have been known in the Near East since Sassanian times, if not before, but the dome in muqarnas is a truly Islamic creation without precedent in any civilization. According to Yasser Tabba author of, Muqarnas Vaulting and Ash’ari Occasionalism”, describes Zumurrud Khatun’s shrine to be the “most graceful profile and one of the most integrated interiors of all conical muqarnas domes." Because of its octagonal base it includes an intricate geometric decorations that supports the conical brick vault where the Muqarnas displayed their exterior articulations of the muqarnas on the outside instead of its interior which makes the illusion of the dome to appear as pinecone.

The Structure
The mausoleum of Zamurrud Khatum is designed as a monumental and unique Islamic structure similar to Islamic architecture of the time. It is developed with integrated layers that make its structure artistic. Its base is octagonal, a transition that has informed the construction of modern structures such as the Pentagon in the United States. On top of its octagonal base, the mausoleum gradually and unobtrusively transitions into a dome of sixteen cells pegged on muqarnas squinches that keeps the base and the upper part in sync. Seven tiers occupy most of the sixteen cells, stucco-layered against the remaining tiers. Each of the cells embodies a tiny opening covered by thick glass, giving the viewer an obscured view.

Identification Controversy
According to Vincenzo Strika, The Mosque and Mausoleum of Zumurrud Khatun have been repeatedly misidentified by scholars. Most commonly, the mosque and mausoleum are quoted as being created by Sitta Zubayda rather than Zumurrud Khatun herself. The history of this misunderstanding has been explored by Vincenzo Strika, who believes it was created by earlier scholars but was first challenged by Guy Le Strange and later solved by Mustafa Jawād. As Strika highlights, “The first to hint that the Tomb was not that of Zubaydah was, Le Strange.. '', referencing Le Strange’s finding that Sitta Zubayda was buried elsewhere. Confusion as to the identities of Sitta Zubayda and Zumurrud Khatun has also been a catalyst for some of this misidentification. In the past, researchers have considered if the two women were, in reality, a single person who had been confused as being two separate people, but since it has been determined that Sitta Zubayda was, in fact, a different noblewoman.

Architectural Controversy
The mausoleum of Zumurrud Khatun has been tracked into controversies, especially regarding the originality of its architectural design. Many argue that the mausoleum's designs were borrowed from other shrines built in Baghdad, Tigris, and other parts of Iraq. For instance, it has been argued that the mausoleum of Zamurrud Khatun's architectural design was borrowed from the shrine of al-Najmi and the mausoleum of Nur al-Din constructed earlier than the mausoleum of Zamurrud Khatun. However, the exact dates upon which these monuments were constructed are unclear.