User:Camfuglerud/Sandbox

This is my sandbox. only (either in extremely large doses >350mg or in much smaller doses) when 

Average DMT doses in assayed ayahuasca brews have ranged from 8.8 mg [24] to 42 mg [25].

'''as seen above in the range of DMT present in brews. This is'''

'''but generally drugs that produce such an intense insight and hallucinations aren’t taken on a chronic bases making it difficult to build up or see a tolerance. Since its hallucinogen is chemically similar to LSD which also has no withdrawal symptoms, we can conclude that there are no withdrawal symptoms and there have been none recorded for ayahuasca either. '''

(a much smaller if not minimal effect on)

not (have extremely little or no)

'''Both the parent compound tryptamine and the N-methyltransferase system which is capable of converting it to DMT, occur in humans. In the pineal gland MAO, more specifically MAO-A, is the primary inactivation pathway of serotonin, a neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. If MAO is blocked by harmine, harmaline or other MAO inhibitors serotonin can be converted by the methyltransferase enzymes HIOMT and INMT into psychedelic tryptamines such as DMT [31]. DMT bears a resemblance to the Monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin and is categorized as an indoleamine. '''

Pharmacology '''Receptors: Ayahuasca as we learned contains the psychedelic substance DMT. DMT has been found to work on the sigma-1 receptor in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It was previously characterized as an opioid receptor and although it binds many synthetic compounds it does not bind opioid peptides. In a knockout experiment with mice it was found that DMT binding to this sigma-1 receptor induced hypermobility. Knockout mice with their sigma-1 receptor gone did not show any effects to DMT. Experiments with knockout mice have indicated that DMT is an endogenous agonist for the sigma-1 receptor [32].'''

'''Lethal Dose 50: Because the LD50 of harmala seeds taken orally is much lower than DMT the worry of overdose will be focused on DMT. The LD50 of DMT in mice is reported as 47 mg/kg intraperitoneally and 32 mg/kg intravenously. Through estimations and comparisons commonly made with other drugs, we can make a rough association of the LD50 of the drug taken by mice orally and then from mice to that of a human. What we end up with is a median lethal dose of oral DMT would be 8 mg/kg, or a total dose of 560 mg for a 70 kg individual. Note that 560 mg is an estimated median dose and therefore one-half of potential DMT fatalities would occur at an oral dose less than 560 mg. A safety ratio or safety margin for ayahuasca can be estimated by comparing the calculated LD50 to the customary effective dose. The average ceremonial dose of DMT, is about 27 mg; therefore, the safety margin for ayahuasca is approximately 20 (560/27 = 20.7) [23].'''

'''Half-Life: Due to the ayahuasca hallucinogen DMT sharing indoleamine-like qualities with LSD, we can assume that the half-life must also be close to the same. The half-life should be around 110 minutes but the MAOI’s taken will impact how much and how quickly it is metabolized. The excretion of this drug can vary as it is dependent on MAO’s to break down the drug and so the more MAOI’s in the ayahuasca, the longer it will take to metabolize and excrete.'''

'''If enough of the drug is taken negative effects can occur. The β-carbolines in ayahuasca are reversible and highly selective inhibitors of MAO [33]. The ayahuasca-induced blockade of MAO presumably allows a larger quantity of serotonin to accumulate in nerve terminals. When substances that are serotonin-like (ex. DMT) are taken with MAO inhibitors this accumulation occurs. This can produce a range of adverse physiological symptoms, a 'serotonin syndrome', that includes tremor, diarrhea, autonomic instability, hyperthermia, sweating, muscle spasms and possible death [34]. Effects of amphetamines, general anaesthetics, sedatives, anti-histamines, alcohol, potent analgesics and anticholinergic and antidepressant agents are prolonged and intensified. Overdosage of MAOIs by themselves is also possible with effects including hyperreflexia and convulsions.'''

Other foods such as aged cheese, pickled herring, beer, wine, and chocolate should be abstained from when taking MAOI’s. (so stay away from the foods mentioned above) has been recommended, as the speculative (it is not speculative)

This is because after eating such tyramine rich foods when MAO is inhibited, it accumulates because it is not getting broken down and can cause high blood pressure, which can then cause headaches, internal bleeding, and even stroke or death.

and probably non-existent '''(A risk is present, just not probable). It should also be noted that these altered perceptions and cognitions do not usually cause users to become unaware of their surroundings or lose the ability to speak coherently. Many users walk to the restroom as a result of diarrhea.'''

merely (while the MAOI’s main purpose is to preserve)

'''However, Harmine and harmaline are hallucinogenic on their own with doses starting from around 300 mg (Naranjo 1967), but often cause physical side-effects such as nausea and tremors in this dose range. Initial somatic effects (e.g. nausea, tingling, increased body temperature) after ingesting ayahuasca (oral DMT) appear in approximately 20 minutes, followed by the onset of cognitive effects that peak between 60 and 120 minutes [26]. The cognitive effects diminish gradually to a normal state in approximately 4 hours. At normally used doses, the psychological effects of oral DMT are less intense than those of injected, smoked or insufflated DMT.'''

'''Some studies have suggested a correlation between higher than normal levels of DMT in the urine of schizophrenics. Certain perceptual characteristics of the ayahuasca experience and schizophrenia appear to overlap. [28,29]. This hypothesis suggests that the non-destruction of dimethylated indolealkyalamines like DMT which can be due to the inhibition of MAO’s like in ayahuasca could play a role in the progressive deterioration of cognitive processes [30].'''