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The marine otter (Lontra felina) is a mammal of the weasel family (Mustelidae) found on the southwestern coastlines of South America. The scientific name means "otter cat". The marine otter is also referred to as gato marino ("marine cat" in Spanish) and chungungo. It lives almost exclusively in saltwater coastal environments. This saltwater exclusivity is unlike most other otter species, except for the almost fully aquatic sea otter (Enhydra lutris) of the North Pacific.

Description
The marine otter is one of the smallest otters and the smallest marine mammal, measuring 87 to 115 cm from the nose to the tip of the tail and weighs 3 to 5 kg. The tail measures 30 to 36 cm. Its fur is coarse, with guard hairs measuring up to 2 cm in length covering dense, insulating underfur. The marine otter is dark brown above and on the sides, and fawn on the throat and underside.

The marine otter has webbed paws and strong claws. The ventral side (underside) of the paws are partially covered in fur. It has 36 teeth and a dental formula of. The teeth are developed for slicing instead of crushing. The marine otter does not display sexual dimorphism.

Distribution and habitat
Marine otters are found in littoral areas of southwestern South America, close to shore and in the intertidal areas of northern Peru (from the port of Chimbote), along the entire coast of Chile, and the extreme southern reaches of Argentina. Occasional vagrant sightings still occur as far afield as the Falkland Islands.

The marine otter mainly inhabits rocky shorelines with abundant seaweed and kelp. They favor denning in caves and rocky areas that are safe from humans. Caves and crevices in the rocky shorelines may provide them with the cover they need, and often a holt will have no land access at high tide. Marine otters avoid sandy beaches.

Behavior
Rocky intertidal zones with natural crevices are ideal for marine otter dens and feeding areas. Because most of their time is spent hidden in caves, their behavior is difficult to observe.

Marine otters actively avoid humans. In response to human activity, they will spend less time on coasts and stray from their dens during the day to fissures inaccessible to humans. Though generally avoidant of humans, their inhabitance of fishing villages is an indicator of the marine otter's ability to adapt to urbanization.

Reproduction
Marine otters may be monogamous or polygamous, and breeding occurs in December or January. Litters of two to five pups are born in January, February or March after a gestation period of 60 to 70 days. The pups remain with their mother for about 10 months of parental care, and can sometimes be seen on the mother's belly as she swims on her back, a practice similar to that of the sea otter. Parents bring food to the pups and teach them to hunt.

Feeding
Studies have shown latitudinal variations in diet, feeding periods, and dive time throughout the marine otter's distribution. Marine otters of southern Chile primarily feed on fish, while those in northern Chile mostly feed on crustaceans and mollusks.

Taxonomy
The marine otter is of the lutrinae, a subfamily of mustelidae. It's exact taxonomy has been debated due to lack of data. A phylogenetic study by C. G. Van Zyll De Jong in 1987 proposed the following phenogram of the lutrinae, based on morphological data. Jong's proposed phenogram implied that the marine otter descended from the Asian small-clawed otter, and it's closest relative being the North American river otter. A 2004 study contradicted Jong's research. The following was proposed as a part of the taxonomy of the Mustelidae, based on cytochrome b sequences.

Threats
Human activity on coastlines poses disturbance to marine otters. Humans introduce domestic animals which may also disturb their dens. Humans, as well as domesticated species, may expose a marine otter population to disease. Marine otters may be entangled in fishing nets and die.

Microplastics have been found in the scat of marine otters. The effects of microplastics in marine mammals are still unclear.

Conservation status
Marine otters are rare and are protected under Peruvian, Chilean, and Argentine law. In the past, they were extensively hunted both for their fur and due to perceived competition with fisheries. Hunting extirpated them from most of Argentina and the Falkland Islands. Poaching is still a problem, but one of unknown magnitude. It is unknown how many marine otters exist in the wild or what habitats should be preserved to encourage their recovery. Marine otters were listed under CITES Appendix I in 1976, and are listed as endangered by the U.S. Department of the Interior.

The species shows the potential to adapt to modifications in their environment, including habitat fragmentation, and the ability to coexist with humans. Marine otters have been recorded living in ship wrecks and fishing boats. However, coexistence with humans leads to competition for resources.